Syntax and Semantics Essay Example for Free

syntax and Semantics EssayIn planming language theory, semantics is the field concerned with the rigorous numeral study of the subject matter of computer programing languages. It does so by evaluating the meaning of syntactically licit strings delimitate by a specific programming language, showing the computation involved. In such a showcase that the evaluation would be of syntactically illegal strings, the result would be non-computation. Semantics describes the processes a computer follows when execution a program in that specific language. This can be shown by describing the dealinghip between the input and takings of a program, or an explanation of how the program will execute on a certain platform, and then creating a model of computation. Semantics reveals the meaning of syntactically valid strings in a language. For natural languages, this instrument correlating sentences and phrases with the objects, thought processs, and feelings of our experiences. For p rogramming languages, semantics describes the behavior that a computer follows when executing a program in the language. We might find out this behavior by describing the relationship between the input and output of a program or by a step-by-step explanation of how a program will execute on a really or an abstract cable car.Semantics is concerned with the interpretation or understanding of programs and how to predict the outcome of program transaction. The semantics of a programming language describe the relation between the syntax and the model of computation. Semantics can be thought of as a function which maps syntactical constructs to the computational model.This approach is called syntax-directed semantics There be several wide employ techniques ( algebraic, axiomatic, de nonational, operational, and translation) for the description of the semantics of programming languages. Algebraic semantics describe the meaning of a program by delimit an algebra. The algebraic relati onships and operations are described by axioms and equations. Axiomatic semantics defines the meaning of the program implicitly. It makes assertions about relationships that assert at each point in the execution of the program. Axioms define the properties of the control structures and state the properties that may be inferred. A property about a program is deduced by using the axioms. Each program has a pre-condition which describes the initial conditions required by the program prior to execution and a post-condition which describes, upon termination of the program, the desired program property.Denotational semantics tell what is computed by giving a mathematical object (typically a function) which is the meaning of the program. Denotational semantics are used in comparitive studies of programming langauges. Operational semantics tell how a computation is performed by defining how to simulate the execution of the program. Operational semantics may describe the syntactic transform ations which mimic the execution of the program on an abstract machine or define a translation of the program into recursive functions. Operational semantics are used when accomplishment a programming language and by compiler writers.Translation semantics describe how to translate a program into an other langauge usually the language of a machine. Translation semantics are used in compilers. Much of the make water in the semantics of programming languages is motivated by the problems encountered in trying to construct and understand imperative programs programs with assigning commands. Since the assignment command reassigns values to variables, the assignment can have unexpected effects in outside portions of the program. SyntaxIn computer science, the syntax of a computer language is the set of rules that defines the combinations of symbols that are considered to be correctly structured document or fragment in that language. This applies both to programming languages, where the document represents generator code, and markup languages, where the document represents data. The syntax of a language defines its surface form.1 Text-based computer languages are based on sequences of characters, go visual programming languages are based on the spatial layout and connections between symbols (which may be textual or graphical). Documents that are syntactically invalid are said to have a syntax error.Syntax refers to the ways symbols may be combined to create well-formed sentences (or programs) in the language. Syntax denes the formal relations between the constituents of a language, thereby providing a structural description of the various expressions that make up legal strings in the language. Syntax deals solely with the form and structure of symbols in a language without both consideration given to their meaning.Syntax the form is contrasted with semantics the meaning. In processing computer languages, semantic processing generally comes after syntactic p rocessing, but in some cases semantic processing is necessary for complete syntactic analysis, and these are done together or concurrently. In a compiler, the syntactic analysis comprises the frontend, while semantic analysis comprises the backend (and middle end, if this phase is distinguished).Syntax versus semantics The syntax of a language describes the form of a valid program, but does not provide any information about the meaning of the program or the results of executing that program. The meaning given to a combination of symbols is handled by semantics (either formal or hard-coded in a indite implementation). Not all syntactically correct programs are semantically correct. many syntactically correct programs are nonetheless ill-formed, per the languages rules and may (depending on the language specification and the soundness of the implementation) result in an error on translation or execution.In some cases, such programs may exhibit undefined behavior. Even when a program is well-defined within a language, it may still have a meaning that is not intended by the person who wrote it. Using natural language as an example, it may not be possible to assign a meaning to a grammatically correct sentence or the sentence may be false Colorless green ideas sleep furiously. is grammatically well-formed but has no generally accepted meaning. John is a married bachelor. is grammatically well-formed but expresses a meaning that cannot be true.Statement In computer programming a statement is the smallest standalone element of an imperative programming language. A program written in such a language is formed by a sequence of one or more statements. A statement will have internal components (e.g., expressions). Many languages (e.g. C) make a distinction between statements and definitions, with a statement only containing executable code and a definition declaring an identifier. A distinction can also be made between simple and abstruse statements the latter may cont ain statements as components.

Biography Of Tim Burton Film Studies Essay

Biography Of Tim Burton Film Studies EssayHis root job for Disney was in The Fox and the Hound (1981). This first written report was brief because the studies considered the artistic profile of Burton would fit to a undischargeder extent in the conceptual art of the drear Cauldron. The Burton designs and ideas for both tears were non utilise to non be unders alsod by Disney.After leaving trifle on the Disney movie Tim Burton began to develop more individualal projects, including his first 2 shorts, (Vincent and Frankenweenie ) the quale they had very(prenominal) entire bankers acceptance by the critics and the public. Also began to write and illustrate a Christmas poem, which years later would charge life, Nightmare in the first place Christmas.Burton befriended Julie Hickson executive and existenceager of creative development of Disney, Tom Wilhite, amazed by his talent resolute to pay his first short photographic involve Vincent to $ 60,000.It was during this e ra that Burton learned and specialization in the art of close up motion, for two months along with other entertainers Burton skilled in the art, Vincent created a foreboding(a) and white explanation, found on just about(predicate) stories of Edgar Allan Poe. To achieve this Tim Burton enlisted the help of his favorite actor Vincent Price who gave voice to the narration of the story. The play received m any awards in Chicago and France, heretofore not commercialized Disney ever.In 1984, Burton created his first non-animated short learn, Frankenweenie it was based on Frankestain of James Whale, the play was a childs efforts to resurrect his dog Sparky hit by a car. For this short have actors Burton Barret Oliver, David Stern and Shelly Duval. The record received a Saturn Award nomination.However, at the end of production Disney Tim Burton decided to dismiss, memory that the short was too scary for younger references. It was not until 1994 later on the success of future wo rk of Burton when he began selling.1.2.4-The consolidation of Burton as director and producer.The big venture of Pee-weeDespite the failed working with Disney, Burtons work began to have virtu each(prenominal)y spread and caught the attention of some producers. Griffin Dune including that offered Burton direct a comedy c completelyed After Hours in 1985, was finally Martin Scorssese in charge of directing this movie.That same year the actor Paul Rubens Burton offered to direct a film about his famous comic character Pee-wee Herman. This work was the first Tim Burton film as director and production was a success since its initial cost 7 million dollars, box office obtained simoleons of more than 40 million dollars. In that same movie Tim Burton Danny Elfman asked to compose the soundtrack of the same, and so begin a director-composer collaborations more consolidated in the history of cinema.BeetlejuiceIn 1988, Tim Burton took the opportunity to direct his second film, Beetlejuice was a black comedy. The film told the story of a couple that after buying a nice house with a fatal traffic accident. After discovering his tragic end the couple, now ghosts trying to make out the upstart tenants of the house with the help of an pillow slip bioexorcist Beetlejuice.This time the film singularityd in the cast, Michael Keaton, Winona Ryder, Alec Bldwin, and Geena Davis.Received several awards including an Oscar for crush makeup and box office earnings of 80 million dollars.BatmanA Burton was offered in 1989 the possibility of directing the first feature film from the Batman comic book character. The director accepted the job, provided they can choose the actors and film aesthetics. Burton and producers Warner Bros have been involved in numerous discussions of pre-production, as Burton wanted Michael Keaton as an actor who had worked with in Beetlejuice and the producers were thinking of a more muscular actor. Following the aesthetic of comic Burton finally got wh at he wanted, to use Keaton in the subroutine of Batman and Jack Nicholson as the Joker, with the intention of attracting the public un use uped in superhero movies. The film was a success, and he got more than 400 million dollars, becoming the virtually successful movie of all time movies so far. Additional aesthetic mind chosen by Tim Burton for the city of Gotham City was adapted in the side by side(p) comics.1.2.5-The prodigious decadeEdward ScissorshandsIn 1990, Burton wrote a new feature this would be interpreted by the immortal of youth at the time that knot Depp would play the character of Edward, a being created by an eccentric scientist (Vincent Price, who play his last role before his death). Edward had human appearance save after the death of its power was unfinished and had hands instead of one large scissors. Edward Scissorhands was filmed in Florida and is considered by many fans and critics of Burton as the best of his works, surely Edward Scissorhands is the work collected over the Burton aesthetic that makes a filmmaker un resembling any other, either texture, color, character design or objects.Batman ReturnsAlthough Warner Bros would not produce Edward Scissorhands, he was offered the opportunity to direct the misfortune to Batman Returns, Burton accepted the condition of having full creative powers. For that film was Burton Michael Keaton again in the role of Batman, Danny DeVito in the role of the Penguin and Michelle Pfeiffer as Catwoman. The film received a lot of criticism for being too blue and not very close to children. Still get a revenue of 160 million dollars, the Warner Bros. decided not to have the services of Tim Buton upon learning that he was preparing a new dry with an aesthetic similar to that of Batman Return. So Burton decided to start preparing a new project, this time returning to its roots as an animator.Nightmare in advance ChristmasTim Burton had planned to write and illustrate a childrens story, neverthel ess in 1993 just changing that story in his next film. Nightmare forward Christmas, is his spectacular work of animation. Directed by Henry Selick, the film regularises the story of Jack Skeleton, the king of Halloween, who wants to understand Christmas, adapting their habits as monarch to carry out this holiday. The film was make exploitation Stop Motion techniques and although there was an overwhelming success at the box office, is considered a cult film and one of the best musical film ever make it.Ed WoodIn 1994, Burton made one of his lesser known films, a narrative biography of Ed Wood, considered the worst filmmaker of all time. Burton pays homage to the director (played by Johnny Depp) which considers a direct influence, for its horror and fantasy in this film involved Martin Landau, elevation Murray and Lisa Marie. Although there was much less commercial success, helped the Burton film cogiera more fans and reopen the interest in the film Ed Wood.Batman ForeverDespite its intention to conduct the next part of Batman, Warner Bros. decided it would be the director Joel Schumacher with the intention of bringing the film to children and Tim Burton would make his work as a producer. This situation caused that Michael Keaton to resign his role as protagonist, and was hired Val Kimler in place. Tim Burton aesthetic differ in many aspects of the film which was contrary. The film fussd $ 335 million and Warner, hired Schumacher to fourth, where Tim Burton no longer participate.Mars AttacksIn 1996 Tim Burton returns to direct a feature film is trying to Mars Attacks This film is a hybrid of science fiction films of the 50th and the jibe destruction of the 70th went unnoticed at the box office, surely the fact first 5 months after the Independent Day, made the film to be discredited by critics and public American, but had very good reviews abroad and won many admirers in marketing in VHS and DVD.Sleepy HollowIn 1999 Tim Burton returned to his more eccent ric and supernatural world, based on a story by Washington Irving, which tells the story of the beheaded Horseman. Featuring a new interpretation of Johnny Depp in the role of Forensic and Christina Ricci in the role of Karina forefront Tassel. The film won an Oscar for best art direction and two BAFTA awards in the categories of Best Production physique and Best Costume.1.2.6-Year 2000.Planet of the ApesAfter his breakup with his wife Lisa Marie, Burton conducted a redo of the 1968 film of Franklin Schaffner. The film was a success, earning 68 million dollars in the first week of release. Still, the film was widely panned by critics and fans of Burton, to get outdoor(a) entirely from its style and dark, nihilistic style of the first version. Despite finishing with an open ending does not seem to be any intention on the part of Burton to continue the saga. humongous FishIn 2003, Burton surprised everyone again with a custom Disney, larger-than-life Fish is a film away from the dark world of Burton but that recreates an imaginary fantasy world full of surprises. The film received four nominations for gold Globe And for many fans is the most amazing film. In this film, Burton had the interpretation of Ewan McGregor and his new wife Helena Bonham Carter.Charlie and the coffee tree FactoryJohnny Depp again which seems to be their star player, Tim Burton made this film based on a story by Roald Dahl, the film was a blockbuster hit 207 million in the U.S. alone. Characterization, and the voice of Johnny Depp in the role of Willy Wonka, was recognized in many ways as a film depiction and aesthetic.9Tim Burton produced this animated film in 2009, the film received much criticism, even that is considered a resplendent aesthetic work, but lack of narrative. It is the first animated film that Tim Burton does not opt for the technique of vacate motion and computer-created in its entirety.Alice in WonderlandIt is the latest project of Tim Burton so far, this comm ission from Disney, will debut in early 2010, and was the first film in which the director has used the technique of 3D. Based on the acclaimed work of Lewis Carroll, Alice in Wonderland. Was criticized by fans to move far from their darkest work I have incorporated many Disney items.2. THE artistry DIRECTION2.1- Aspects work of Tim Burton.When talking about aspects of the work of Burton, one must be aware that is not a conventional director, his work is mostly very personal issues, issues which have been consolidated in the audience and created a large pool of supporters and fans. When one analyzes the work of Burton put on his work with his film biography, which is especially relevant as an artist who often uses his life experience and the elements that shaped his sentimental education. Situation is examined deep down the context of the Hollywood industry and explores the aesthetic and thematic constants that make up its optic poetry.It addresses gender concerns, the picture o f fantasy and Gothic-Expressionist tradition to understand the work of an author who re interprets the cultural tradition from the perspective of post-modern. Addresses the problems and contradictions make up by both the traditional concept of film genres as the auteur theory. It is shown that not only approaches are compatible, but can also become complementary approaches that contribute to the depth and richness of film debate. It talks about the particular generic reflection made by the filmmaker in his films, connecting with the characteristics of postmodern culture in which it is immersed. We can say that Burton has done what he wanted and how much more freedom the author has been most successful has been his work as staff is much much deeper and more spectacular.Burtons work, as well as its broad scope, it is more appropriate to consider more than a genre, a mode of art that sundry(a) related forms emerge. Referred to the existing theories about the fantastic, the subversive potential and its psychoanalytic implications. It puts a special interest in his themes and myths, as they all are evoked in the Burton films.Also includes the work of the filmmaker as a continuation of a tradition Gothic Expressionism, a continuous movement whose spirit, aesthetic and vital beat opposed to the rationalistic attitude of classicism. It takes a journey through the elements of a tradition that Burton has been collected in general through its cinema events. Tim Burtons heir and successor of the romantic spirit, its atmosphere and features icon-phy, aesthetics of the uncanny, his macabre sense of humor, the imprecation of social hypocrisy and society that denies freedom and individual identity, its emphasis on subjectivity, intuition and the irrational.Tim Burton is a very detailed, very thorough in their staging, from design, photography and music composed by Danny Elfman become key elements of melodramatic expression.We consider Edward Scissorshands and Nightmare before Christmas, as two of its films that include and award all poetic and visual work of director. Since in these two films is the very essence of the author, personal visually despendedoras the full potential of atomic number 20 director.2.2-InfluencesAs an author, Tim Burton has had his artistic influences, both film, and painting. In this section we review their main influences, and the basic characteristics of his style.Any person who enters into the imagination of Tim Burton will realize that this is not a conventional writer, with a very personal style, and all his movies are some characteristics or aesthetic and narrative patterns.2.2.1-Pictorial influencesWe can find some reminiscences to German expressionism, particularly in some perspectives, altering the scenery, the kind of light and shadow and also on the themes of his films. Some authors of the movement, as Grosz or Otto Dix.Burton is also influences the Polish poster from the mid-twentieth century.The author surr eal expressionism, Paul Klee tube also bully significance in the beginning of the film director, especially in making puppets for his early films like Vincent or Nightmare Before Christmas.2.2.2-Literary InfluencesWithout doubt the main literary influence of Tim Burton comes from Edgar Allan Poe, American writer, is considered one of the pioneers of the short story, and the bring forth of the renovation of the Gothic, with their tales of terror. Unlike other authors such as Roger Corman, Burton has not shot any film based on a story by Edgar Allan Poe, but it has done with other authors like Washington Irving (Sleppy Hollow), Lewis Carroll (Alice in the wonders) (Sweeney Todd) based on the musical by Stephen Sondheim or (Charlie and the Chocolate Factory) by Roald Dahl and others.2.2.3-Cinematic influencesRoger Corman is without doubt the spacious influence of Burton, his films of series B, Burton served as inspiration for many other directors. Roger Corman became famous in the 60s, go to the movies by Edgar Allan Poe stories and mixing genres of science fiction, horror and the occult in low-budget films, using actors low popularity as Boris Karloff or Bela Lugosi , or with actors little known at the time as Peter Fonda Jack Nicholson or Robert De Niro. around Corman films were performed by Vincent Price, favorite actor and close friend of Burton used frequently at the beginning of this director. enamor Frankenweenie, or Edward Scissorhands. Princes last film before his death in 1993. Cormans influence is mainly reflected in films like Ed Wood and Mars Attacks. In Ed Wood, Tim Burton pays homage to another series B director, Ed Wood as the worst filmmaker of all time.2.3-Technic recourses.2.3.1-Stop Motion.Tim Burton is without doubt one of the most renowned film directors by the use of unconventional techniques for recording of his films, one of these techniques is the Stop Motion animation technique is to generate motion by displaying static objects ph otographs or successive frames at a given speed, creating the illusion of movement.This unconvincing technique began with Ladislaw Starewicz with the short film The Cameramans Revenge in which dead insects used to tell the story of a family destroyed by infidelity.Usually use 29 frames per second, which generate the illusion of movement giving the films made with this technique a realism as close to a conventional film. This fascinating technique requires time and patience for the detailed movements of the actors to others in an acceptable knowledge of photography, so Tim Burton has always surrounded by great directors of photography, in the case of Pete Kozachik, manager the technical section in such films as The Nightmare Before Christmas or Corpse Bride.We consider that Tim Burton is one of the artists who have promoted this technique in the last two decades, and wherefore not say is who re-discovered this technique in the new public disuse in the 90s. Due to its popularity as a director and artist has made the genre of Stop Motion animation is made a place in the film industry. Burton himself has been linked in other photographic animation projects, some of them as a producer and some others as a collaborator. This is the case of The Nightmare Before Christmas, Burtons own work, but under the direction of Henry Selick, director also of other projects under the signature of Tim Burton, and James and the gargantuan Peach or coral.In the future, Burton is expected to redo any work using the technique of stop motion, some rumors say they may be Dear Dead Days, Charles Addams work he did in 1937 and by and by came to TV screens under the statute title Addams Family in 1964. The work of Charles Addams is surely close to the Burton films especially recalling works such as The Nightmare Before Christmas Sweeny Todd or obscure pieces, with touches of macabre humor.2.3.2-3D Animation.Tim Burton not only traditional techniques used for the filming of his animate d films, however it was not until 2009, when the California director dared with a 100% digital. 9 was the title of his first work in 3D, which was a box office bomb, and certainly his least known works, the worldly concern of apocalyptic 9 was enjoin by Shane Acker and produced and supervised by Burton.This first experience will not cower and Burton in 2010, premiere Alice in Wonderland, based on Lewis Carrolls books Alice in Wonderland and Alice Through the Looking Glass, directed by Tim Burton, and produced Disney Pictures The film was a box office hit but was severely challenged by critics and fans.In interviews after the release, Burton says the 3D technique is perfect for his latest film and claims to build his next film (a remake of Frankenweenie gilt work) thinking about the qual this technology brings extra realism to the viewer, However, he admits that is not going to go crazy and will not abandon the classic film format.3-TIM BURTONS FILM ANALYSISI chose Edward Scissorha nds and Big Fish are two of the films in my opinion more representative of the work of Burton, the first of its popularity and to represent and act out all the poetic and visual narrative that represents the California director.The second has been chosen as the authors lesser-known films by the general public, and to have markedly different aesthetic in Edward Scissorhands, Big Fish still well preserved and fantastic narrative structure that characterizes the work of Tim Burton .Another of the facts that I have been decanted from Big Fish have been the thirteen years between a film and the other, and appreciate the evolution of cinema as well as an analysis of the time they were shot, the motives that pushed Burton to record these movies and what messages the author tries to convey to the viewer in each of them.3.1-Edward ScissorhandsSynopsisThe film begins with a colloquial conversation between an elderly woman and her granddaughter, which viewed from the windowpane as snow falls a nd, curious, asks her grandmother the reason it snows. So, she begins her story His story begins when a makeup saleslady named Peg, enters a house to sell beauty products. On entering the place is with Edward, a young man who was created from a robot and was not finished after the death of its creator, running with scissors instead of hands. moved(p) by his kindness and innocence decided to take him home. No one in her family (her husband Bill and son Kevin) seem uncomfortable with the presence of Edward and even the neighbors are interested in the mysterious knob Peg. However, to get Kims eldest daughter, Peg, it triggers a series of problems because it does feel uncomfortable with Edward at home. Edward falls in turn in with her.Edward Scissorhands Technical DataProduction year 1990 unpolished United StatesDirector Tim BurtonProduction Twentieth ampere-second FoxProducers Tim Burton and Denise Di NoviExecutive Producer Richard HashimotoAssociate Producer Caroline ThompsonArgu ment Tim Burton and Caroline ThompsonWriter Caroline ThompsonMusic Danny ElfmanDirector of Photography Stefan CzapskyArt Director Tom DuffieldScenery Rich Heinrichs (design) and Cheryl Carasik (decoration)Costume pattern Colleen AtwoodEditing Richard HalseyHair Design Yolanda ToussiengMakeup Stan WinstonSpecial effects supervisor Michael WoodDuration 107 transactionsStarringJohnny Depp EdwardWinona Ryder Kim BoggsDianne Wiest Peg BoggsVincent Price InventorAnthony Michael Hall JimKathy Baker Joyce MonroeRobert Oliveri Kevin BoggsConchata Ferrell HelenAlan Arkin Bill BoggsCaroline Aaron boundO-Lan Jones EsmeraldaDick Anthony Williams Officer Allen3.2-Big FishSynopsisEdward height is a man who recounts moments of her life by adding great features. When it does at the wedding of his son Will, it stops talking for years. Will work as a journalist in Paris when his fathers health worsens, Will returns with his wife Josephine to Alabama. On the plane, Will tells one story of her fath er, she knew a witch who showed him how he would die by looking through his glass eye.Throughout the film, Edward has some stories to tell of moments of his life. For example, explains that as a child, he spent three years in bed due to its quick growth. After this, he becomes a successful athlete, but I think the town where he lives is too small for their ambitions. After meeting Karl, a misunderstood giant, began a journey with him. Edward goes through a preoccupied forest and reaches a village where she meets a poet called Norther Winslow. Before leaving the village, he promises to jenny ass, a girlfriend he met, he would return someday.Big Fish Technical DataProduction year 2003Country United StatesDirector Tim BurtonProduction Columbia PicturesProducers Bruce Cohen, Dan JinksExecutive Producer Arne SchmidtAssociate Producer Katterli Framentelder piece Daniel WallaceWriter John AugustMusic Danny ElfmanDirector of photography Philippe RousselotArt Direction Roy Barnes, Robert FechtmenSet medal Nancy HaighCostume Design Colleen AtwoodEditing Chris ChamiaHair Design Coni AddressMakeup Gloria BelzSpecial Effects supervisor Eric AllardLength 125 minutesStarringEwan McGregor Young Ed BloomAlbert Finney Senior Ed BloomJessica Lange Senior Sandra BloomAlison Lohman Young Sandra BloomBilly Crudup Will BloomSteve Buscemi Norther WinslowDanny DeVito Amos CallowayHelena Bonham Carter Jenny Young, Jenny Senior, The WitchMatthew McGrory, Karl the Giant

Nutrient Cycle of an Isolated Cave

Nutrient Cycle of an Isolated core outIntroductionThe sabotages ar simple native laboratories. The climate of the weaken is very stable and easy to define. Cave environment is composed with a twilit part close to the entrance, a middle part of full darkness and unstable temperature, finally a part of full darkness and stable temperature in deeper. The twilight part is the biggest and most diverse wight container. The middle part contains some common species which kitty move to the earth. The deeper dark sides, which ar the unique sight of the weaken environment and contain obligate (trolobitic) fauna. greens plant dismisst live in stable darkness. So, the forage reserve here in other forms (Poulson and White, 1969). Animal communities in the caves look funny chances for the investigation of community dynamics beca using up of their relative simplicity. A comparatively small number of species is involved in even in most complex cave community tho exceptionally large nu mbers racket of colonies of bats atomic number 18 present here. In absence of light, primary producers argon absent or at least particular(a) to chemosynthetic autotrophs. Sulfur and iron bacteria are present in some caves but their quantitative significance as producers has not yet been established (Barr Jr, 1967). The superficial nutritive part of cave corpse in the blind amphipods of the genus Niphargus show that juvenile stages burrow widely and probably eat the clay in the bottom of cave pools. Presumably the juveniles utilize the bacterial content of the clay rather than the mineral fabric itself and in any case, continued survival of the adults is dependent upon the figurehead of additional food (Barr Jr, 1967). In addition to absence of light, the physical environment of a cave is characterized by silence, relatively constant temperature which approximates the ungenerous annual temperature of the region where the cave is located, high relative humidity except near entr ances, is accompanied by an exceptionally low rate of evaporation (Barr Jr, 1967).Cave Habitats and EcologyDifferent types of caves contain variety of home grounds inwardly them and differ in amount and types of energy level. Cave supports heterotrophic microbial populations in the presence of long input of organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus due to accumulation of guano and dead bats, if a cave has solid or modest populations of bats (Cheeptham, 2012). Guano is a organic deposit common in cave derived from in the commencement place feces of a variety of animals specially bats that visit or live and provide habitat rich in nitrogen, carbon and phosphorus thats are alimentarys for many insects (Cheeptham, 2012 IUCNSSC, 2014). Ecological classification of cavernicoles was first prepared by (Schiner, 1853)and improved and promoted by (Racovitza, 1907).They splits them into (1) troglobites, which are obligate species to the cave (2) troglophiles, which live and reproduce not only in caves but similarly in cool, dark, moist microhabitats outside of caves they termed as facultative species (3) trogloxenes, species those mapping caves for shelter finishedout the day but throw outdoor at night and (4) cave accidentals, which humiliated with those species that certain small troglobites are also phreatobites (Barr Jr, 1967).Figure-Different zones of a caveThe major energy sources of cave ecosystems are (a) organic matter flounced underground by sinking streams, and (b) the feces, eggs, and dead bo flush its of animals those are persist in the cave for shelter but feed outside (trogloxenes). In temperate region caves submergeing and the entering of crisp air throughout winter and initial spring interrupt the comparatively constant physical conditions of the cave environment (Barr Jr, 1967). The security of roosting sites is a vital element of any policy for the conservation of bats. Since caves are the firstly roosts for numerous bat species (Dalquest and Walton, 1970 Kunz, 1982). There are various types of bat species and large number of bats run aground in different cave, Seventeen species of bats roost in the caves of Yucatan, Mexico. The conservation of these types of sites should be of principal tending for the protection of chiropteran species (Arita, 1996).Cave communitiesConnectivity among communities is continued by the rearrangement of bio sess, frequently by mobile animals that eat resources in one habitat and then reproduce, urinate, and/or defecate in other surroundings. This transmission of organic material affects the nutrient budget of a community and effects population and food meshwork dynamics (Emerson and Roark, 2007). Cave-roosting species fagged half of their lives inside the caves (Kunz, 1982). The security of cave atmospheres is essential to guarantee their conservation. In a parallel fashion, the presence of bats might be an essential state for the existence of cave environments. In channels with no b ats, biomass thickness in a typical North American cave can be as little as 1 g/ha in ponds or 20-30 g/ha in terrestrial zones (Poulson and White, 1969). In contrast, passageways covered with bat guano present an excess of nutrients and provide very diverse groups of arthropods (Barr Jr, 1968 Harris, 1970 Poulson, 1972). For endogenous primary manufacture by chemosynthetic bacteria is in square, cave communities depend completely on exogenous origins of nutrients for their charge (Culver, 1982).Figure-Cave communities and feeding cycleNutrients can be occupied into a cave in the form of rubble and plant material passed by watercourses, as dissolved organic matter infiltrating through minute cracks or exuding from tree roots (Howarth, 1972 Howarth, 1983), otherwise they can be placed inside caves as feces of trogloxenes, for model cave crickets, bats, birds, and other animals (Harris, 1970 Poulson, 1972 Culver, 1982). In various tropical caves, bat guano is by far the most signif icant source of nutrients. By carrying tons of organic matter to the caves, bats act as transferable tie in concerning cave environments with the external world (Arita, 1996). Any animal existing in a cave can be said as a cavernicole. Troglobites, which are obligate cavernicoles, are the emphasis of this appraisal. Many troglobites are offspring of troglophiles. Facultative cave populations are able to alive in or outside caves. Trogloxenes are consistent cave inhabitants that return intermittently to the exterior for food bats and cave-crickets are examples. Main systematic collections of animals with various troglobitic species comprise collembolans, turbellarians, millipedes, spiders, pseudoscorpions, gastropods opilionidsisopods, amphipods, diplurans, decapods, beetles (Pselaphidae, Carabidae, Leiodidae), salamanders and fishes.(Barr and Holsinger, 1985)Cave Nutrient CycleFood contribution into a cave ecosystem is credited(predicate) to two chief sources- sinking watercours es, which wash twigs, logs, bacteria, leaves and epigean animals (including zooplankton) into caves and trogloxenes, which deposit their eggs and feces in caves and frequently die there and donate their bodies to the ecosystem (Barr Jr, 1967). Species from exterior sources include the bulk of the plankton in the Cave (Scott, 1909) and rivers inside Cave (Kofoid, 1899). littler individuals of the blind cavefish, Amblyopsis spelaea, feed mainly on copepods in this plankton (Poulson, 1963). Plant fragments are placed along the banks of later(a) streams, where they are gradually decomposed by bacteria and fungi. The decomposers provide food for detritus-feeding animals (e.g., diplurans, milli-pedes, and collembolans) which are then eaten by predators (e.g., opilionids, spiders, carabid beetles, pseudoscorpions). cockamamy and the eastern cave crickets of the genus Hadenoecus (Park and Barr, 1961) are important guano manufacturers in caves of the United States. Few troglobites are abl e to use the guano directly, while guano is usually populated by a characteristic assemblage of troglophiles which may be eaten by predatory troglobites (Jeannel, 1949). Seasonal differences in the physical atmosphere and food supply of temperate zone caves are often unexpectedly drastic. During late winter and spring overflowing of rivers Cave, typically raises the water level 5 or 6 m, and a maximum rise of nearly 15 m has been recorded. Additionally the flood is a drop in temperature of the water and small increases in pH, entire alkalinity, and dissolved oxygen (Barr Jr, 1967). A much longer existence time in a riparian species of cave beetle when the riparian species and another species usually found in drier, higher cave galleries were immersed in water. Many species of Pseudanophthalmus and Ameroduvalius (troglobitic Carabidae) normally feed on little tubificid annelids in the damp silt along cave streams (Barr Jr and Peck, 1965). The effects of flooding on aquatic cavernicol es, suggesting that spring floods may trigger their reproductive cycles (Poulson, 1964). Winter poses additional hazards for terrestrial troglobites. Food supplies diversify seasonally in caves. Guano evidence by bats is limited to summer months, and Hadenoecus spp. feed outside the caves less(prenominal) often throughout winter than in summer, so there is minimum guano supply in winter. Conversely, depositary of organic detritus by watercourses is improved in winter because of flooding, but decomposition of the fragments takes place gradually over the time of several months or years. A great plankton count in Echo River of mammoth Cave occurs only throughout late spring or summer floods, when plankton manufacture in Green River, which provides the flood waters, is great (Barr Jr, 1967). The genus Pseudanophthalmus covers about 175 species (many of them not yet described) and is known from Indiana, Kentucky, Illinois and Tennessee, Alabama, Georgia Virginia, West Virginia, Pennsy lvania, and Ohio (Barr Jr and Peck, 1965). Ameroduvalius, limited to south- east Kentucky, has only three species Nelsonites, from the Cumberland Plateau of Tennessee and Kentucky, has two and Neaphaenops and Darlingtonea, from many parts of Kentucky, are monobasic. All of these beetles are predatory troglobites and are supposed to be remnants of a well-known soil-and-moss-dwelling periglacial fauna (Barr Jr, 1965).Figure- The cave food gainGuanoBat guano supports an accumulation of organisms that differs depending on the species of bat manufacturing it. Alterations in guano composition propose that guano from bats in conflicting feeding guilds can affect ecosystem configuration and dynamics differently (Emerson and Roark, 2007). Allochthonous effort of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus, which are found in comparatively high concentrations in bird guano, increases primary productiveness in terrestrial ecosystems by improving the quality and quantity of vegetation (Polis et al., 1997). Nutrient input through guano deposition by seabirds has also been shown to increase the abundance of organisms such as detritivorous beetles on islands used by roosting seabirds (Snchez-Piero and Polis, 2000). In addition to its effects on primary and secondary productivity, allochthonous nutrient input can also influence community structure the presence of birds and nutrient-rich guano significantly alters the structure of intertidal communities by enhancing algal growth and settlement of inverteb place in dense algalmats (Bosman and Hockey, 1986). Such consumer-driven nutrient recycling via fecal deposition by bats also affects community structure in guano-based ecosystems. Bat guano forms the basis of a food web consisting of bacteria, fungi, protozoans, nematodes, and arthropods (Harris, 1970). Cave salamanders consume guano of grey bats (Myotis grisescens) and incorporate the nutrients they obtain through coprophagy into body tissues (Fenolio et al., 2006). The mo tley of organisms associated with guano has been shown to vary depending on the diet of the bat producing it, with guano of sanguivorous, insectivorous, and frugivorous bats supporting different assemblages of invertebrates (Ferreira and Martins, 1998). Differences in guano composition (C, N,P, and mass ratios) most likely resulted from dissimilarities in nutrient composition of the diets of each bat species (Studier et al., 1994). Variation in nutrients and stoichiometric nutrient ratios of guano from bats in different feeding guilds could have considerable effects on producers, consumers, and decomposers life on or in guano.Figure- Collection of guano from caveAs highlighted by (Sterner and Elser, 2002) and subsequently in reviews by (Vrede et al., 2004) and (Moe et al., 2005), relationships among elemental nutrients have the potential to regulate processes at many ecological levels, including production, individual and population growth, coexistence of species, rates of decompos ition of organic matter, and nutrient cycling. Primary production in terrestrial ecosystems (as in marine systems) is purpose to be limited by the availability of N and P (Vitousek and Howarth, 1991), and the input of these nutrients by fecal deposition can have considerable bottom-up influences in detritus-based ecosystems. Ecosystem-level effects of different nutrient contents could also result from differences in rates of conversion of nutrients in guano from biologically unavailable to available forms (Vitousek et al., 1988). Differences in guano nutrient profiles could have considerable ecological consequences ranging from effects on the growth or productivity of individual residents of guano haemorrhoid to effects on ecosystem-level processes like decomposition and nutrient cycling (Emerson and Roark, 2007).REFERENCEARITA, H. T. 1996. The conservation of cave-roosting bats in Yucatan, Mexico. Biological Conservation, 76, 177-185.BARR JR, T. C. 1965. The Pseudanophthalmus of the Appalachian Valley (Coleoptera Carabidae). American Midland Naturalist, 41-72.BARR JR, T. C. 1967. Observations on the bionomics of caves. American Naturalist, 475-491.BARR JR, T. C. 1968. Cave ecology and the developing of troglobites. Evolutionary biology. Springer.BARR JR, T. C. PECK, S. B. 1965. Occurrence of a troglobitic Pseudanophthalmus outside a cave (Coleoptera Carabidae). American Midland Naturalist, 73-74.BARR, T. C. HOLSINGER, J. R. 1985. Speciation in cave faunas. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 313-337.BOSMAN, A. HOCKEY, P. 1986. Seabird guano as a determinant of rocky intertidal community structure. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 32, 247-257.CHEEPTHAM, N. 2012. Cave Microbiomes A Novel Resource for Drug uncovering A Novel Resource for Drug Discovery. Springer New York. Available https//books.google.com.bd/books?id=QQuk4rk-OCgC.CULVER, D. C. 1982. Cave life evolution and ecology. HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS, CAMBRIDGE, MA(USA). 1982.DALQUEST, W. WALT ON, D. 1970. Diurnal retreats of bats. Southern Methodist Univ. Press, vii.EMERSON, J. K. ROARK, A. M. 2007. Composition of guano produced by frugivorous, sanguivorous, and insectivorous bats. Acta Chiropterologica, 9, 261-267.FENOLIO, D. B., GRAENING, G., COLLIER, B. A. STOUT, J. F. 2006. Coprophagy in a cave-adapted salamander the importance of bat guano examined through nutritional and stable isotope analyses. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B Biological Sciences, 273, 439-443.FERREIRA, R. L. MARTINS, R. P. 1998. Diversity and distribution of spiders associated with bat guano piles in Morrinho cave (Bahia State, Brazil). Diversity and distributions, 235-241.HARRIS, J. 1970. Bat-guano cave environment. Science, 169, 1342-1343.HOWARTH, F. G. 1972. Cavernicoles in lava tubes on the island of Hawaii. Science, 175, 325-326.HOWARTH, F. G. 1983. Ecology of cave arthropods. Annual Review of Entomology, 28, 365-389.IUCNSSC. 2014. IUCN SSC Guidelines for Minimizing the Negati ve Impact to Bats and Other Cave Organisms from Guano Harvesting. IUCN, Gland. Available http//www.batcon.org/pdfs/GuanoGuidelinesVersion1.pdfpage=1zoom=auto,-82,842JEANNEL, R. 1949. Les fossiles vivants des cavernes. Gallimard.KOFOID, C. A. 1899. Plankton Studies III. On Platydorina, A New Genus of the Family Volvocidae, from the Plankton of the Illinois River.KUNZ, T. H. 1982. Roosting ecology of bats. Ecology of bats. Springer.MOE, S. J., STELZER, R. S., FORMAN, M. R., HARPOLE, W. S., DAUFRESNE, T. YOSHIDA, T. 2005. Recent advances in ecological stoichiometry insights for population and community ecology. Oikos, 109, 29-39.PARK, O. BARR, T. 1961. Some observations on a cave cricket (Abstr.). Bulletin of the entomologic Society of America, 7, 144.POLIS, G. A., ANDERSON, W. B. HOLT, R. D. 1997. Toward an integration of landscape and food web ecology the dynamics of spatially subsidized food webs. Annual review of ecology and systematics, 289-316.POULSON, T. L. 1963. Cave adaptat ion in amblyopsid fishes. American Midland Naturalist, 257-290.POULSON, T. L. 1964. Animals in aquatic environments animals in caves. Handbook of Physiology, 749-771.POULSON, T. L. 1972. Bat guano ecosystems. Bulletin of the National Speleological Society, 34, 55-59.POULSON, T. L. WHITE, W. B. 1969. The cave environment. Science, 165, 971-981.RACOVITZA, E. G. 1907. Biospologica Essai sur les problmes biospologiques. I. Schleicher frres.SNCHEZ-PIERO, F. POLIS, G. A. 2000. bottom-up dynamics of allochthonous input direct and indirect effects of seabirds on islands. Ecology, 81, 3117-3132.SCHINER, I. R. 1853. Fauna der Adelsberger-Lueger-und Magdalenen-Grotte.SCOTT, A. 1909. The Copepoda of the Soboga Expedition. new-made EJ Brill.STERNER, R. W. ELSER, J. J. 2002. Ecological stoichiometry the biology of elements from molecules to the biosphere. Princeton University Press.STUDIER, E. H., SEVICK, S. H., RIDLEY, D. M. WILSON, D. E. 1994. Mineral and nitrogen concentrations in feces o f some neotropical bats. Journal of Mammalogy, 75, 674-680.VITOUSEK, P. M., FAHEY, T., JOHNSON, D. W. SWIFT, M. J. 1988. Element interactions in forest ecosystems succession, allometry and input-output budgets. Biogeochemistry, 5, 7-34.VITOUSEK, P. M. HOWARTH, R. W. 1991. Nitrogen limitation on land and in the sea how can it occur? Biogeochemistry, 13, 87-115.VREDE, T., DOBBERFUHL, D. R., KOOIJMAN, S. ELSER, J. J. 2004. wakeless connections among organism C N P stoichiometry, macromolecular composition, and growth. Ecology, 85, 1217-1229.

Microsoft Versus Apple Compare And Contrast Computer Science Essay

Microsoft Versus orchard apple tree Comp be And dividing line Computer Science Essay championship strategy is a direction, vision and objectives in terms of undertakings, in order to configure the total recourses that invest into the projects base on the markets needs and ch altogether(a) toldenging of separate competitors. by and by all, a score gondola card provide be use to value the overall performance and the next metre merchantman be draw bug out base on the evaluation. The evaluation is rough the suitability, feasibility and at last acceptability. Different caller may have homogeneous or different policies on a same situation dep breaks which way they comfort with. In this paper, Microsoft and apple descent strategy pass on be equation and contrast.Innovation is a radical or revolutionary change on doing an ordinary thing and crystalizes it opine out of the box. The process include from invention to application. Innovation screw be value added if the invent ion is triple-crown since the r compensateue and the hold market worth of certain company go away be make up signifi sanctimonyly due to the uniqueness of the harvestings. still the innovation also b atomic number 18 the risk of lost, this in because in the RD process, a lot capital been invested and may non get under angiotensin-converting enzymes skin the return so fast or even non at all if the innovation is failed. This paper include how mod orchard apple tree and Microsoft is and how the technology invented by them friend to foment the world into the next level.1.2 Purposes/ ObjectivesThe first objective of this paper is to study about the vocation strategy between the Microsoft and orchard apple tree. The second is to study about the innovation of some(prenominal) company and their contri scarceions to the technology world. As an engineer, adept must be able to catch up the technology trends, project their own assessment about the incident and be innovative enough to foresee the future of the technology world. By study history of companies, i can learn how differents graspr and the lessons from others fails.1.3 ScopeThe sample population of our re look for was coke students from Multimedia University Cyberjaya. These cytosine students were come from different faculty which included students from might of Engineering, ability of Information Technology, Faculty of Management, Faculty of originative Multimedia and last save not least FOSEE.1.4 Methods SourcesTwo methods ar utilize to complete this re hunting. The primary data ar collected through and through the questionnaire and the online researches. A thorough comparison and potpourri will be performed in the second phase research. The second phase research result will be used to provide sufficient empirical evidence and to ground truth our findings from the preliminary research. The questionnaire is as per attached in the appendices.2.0 Literature Re purvieworchard ap ple tree Background apple Inc. is a multinational smoke which based in Cupertino, California. orchard apple tree was nominateed by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak in 1st of April 1976. By apple to shifted itself from the figurer perseverance to the information technology industry the coverage of business become wider, it includes computers and mobile hardw ar (desktop and laptop ad hominem computers, servers, iPhone, iPod), parcel (Mac OS X, iLife, iWork suits) and get on to the online services (Mobile me services). For to a greater extent than 34 years, Apple experienced from the rise to the halcyon age then fall back to serious lose and climb back to the stream worlds take technology company status. For the Apple community the approximately important, most powerful person ever is the current chief operating(a) officer which is the co founder Steve Jobs. He founded the company in 1976 and get fired by the chief operating officer that hired by him in 1985, then he back on 1997 a fter the acquisition of succeeding(a) Computer which is the novel company that founded by Steve been layoff by Apple. In 1997 after Steve become the interim CEO of Apple, Michael Dell founder of Dell Computers say that What would I do? I would shut the company pass and then give back the money to the shargonholders, in wait of the crowd of several thousand IT executives.1 later more than ten years which is now, Apple worth more than 4 times of the Dells market value.23 It is not difficult to spot whether Steve Jobs in Apple campus, considerably(p) look for the handicapped space in front of the Apple campus entrance. Because it is usually for him to park at on that point and sometime occupied twain handicapped car lot. If describe the Apple as big ship, the Steve will be an erratic and temperamental tribal chief. except this captain is capable to foresee and fulfill what the end users wishes and setting the trend in innovation and style. Moreover, Steve Jobs been award as most valuable CEO by Barrons, The Wall Street Journal and CEO of the Decade by Fortune magazine.45Microsoft BackgroundMicrosoft Corporation is a multinational computer technology corporation that develops wide direct of bundle program overlaps, gamming hardw atomic number 18 products, online services etc. But Microsoft main(prenominal)(prenominal) business and most profitable products are selling the software products much(prenominal) as operating system, office suits. In 1975, Microsoft was founded by two founders which is flyer gate and Paul Allen, and for now headquarter is locate at Washington. Microsoft was certain and sold the Beginners All-purpose Symbolic centralise Code (BASIC) interpreters for the Altair 8800 computer when it was founded. Then continue with The AppleSoft Complier (TASC) which compiles the BASIC written program to Apple machine language. By award the contract by IBM to Microsoft for the operating system in IBM upcoming PC, it yields the first r eal success for Microsoft is by delivering the Disc Operating System (DOS). Then Microsoft continues to release the impertinently operating system which named as Windows operating system that equipped with the graphical user interface (graphical user interface). From Windows 1.0 to the latest Windows 7 or Windows server 2008, Microsoft rose of small player to the giant in the software industry. Microsoft provides wide range of software to life the hardware products. Before January 2000 the chief operating officer for Microsoft is Bill Gates, but after Bill Gates stepped down and become the non executive chairman, he gradually transfer his duties to Steve Ballmer, an executive that joined Microsoft on 1980. Beside the operating system Microsoft also pee the business software, gaming hardware such as XBOX, gamming software such as Flight Simulator 2000 and other popular games for both PC and XBOX. Microsoft also tell aparticipates in the search engine, BING and provides other on line services such as Windows Live. To compete with iPod, Microsoft released their own portable media player named as Zune which offer more choices to consumers.3.0 Methods, Materials Process3.1 ParticipantsOur entire research is based on the students from MMU Cyberjaya. The objective of canvas is to collect opinion of students in MMU Cyberjaya toward business strategy and innovation of Microsoft and Apple. As such, our main criteria lie on the Faculty of Engineering (FOE), Faculty of Information Technology (FIT), Faculty of Management (FOM), Centre For Foundation Studies and Extension Education (FOSEE) and Faculty of Creative Multimedia (FCM). All of the students from the research sample are chosen randomly regardless of their age and sex. We targeted a research sample of 100 students.3.2 MaterialsWe started our research by development the questionnaire. The questionnaire fundamentally consists of close ended and idle ended questions. Each of the questions is special(a)ly desi gned in correspondence with the objective of the research, which is to determine the kitchen stove of both the company in students mind. The questionnaire is attached on Appendix A.3.3 ProcessThere are 5 members in our group. The different tasks on the questionnaire design and distributions have been divided evenly among the group members. Our research samples are the 100 students from every faculty. Our friends from every faculty assist us in distributing the questionnaire. Besides that, we also perform the online raft and send the link through affectionate network such as msn, email or facebook. every(prenominal) question may require more than one answer, which are the answers that come to their mind.4.0 Survey ResultsWhich company does you perceive forward?In the statistic, it shows that all heard about both companies before.Which product from Microsoft that you have used before?As show in bar map above, Windows and Office suite dominates the market, as the Internet ventur er and Windows Media Player bundle with the Windows operating system, so both of it also have 100% of usage. Windows Mobile is alone for the one who own the smart phone that use Windows Mobile as operating system which as low as 40%. The less among all is Microsoft hardware, which includes keyboard, abstract, webcam etc.Which product you think represents Microsoft the most?Pie chart above shows that when people talk about Microsoft, the image or product that relate to the company is Windows.Which product from Apple that you have used before?Most of the people have used iPod and iPhone before liken to the other Apple products. This is because of the pricy of the Mac computers even the entry level product compare to other others.Which product you think represents Apple the most?Pie chart above shows that when people talk about Apple, the image or product that relate to the company is mostly iPhone and iPod.Which company do you think is more innovative?Peoples think that Apple is mo re innovative compare to Microsoft maybe due to the image that Apple reserve refresh its products line and keep asseverate youthful products.Which company image is more mysterious or secretive?From statistic, Apple image is more secretive compare to Microsoft. This is probably due to Apple substance abuse announce current or ongoing projects compare to Microsoft makes public about what its current ongoing.Which sector do you think Microsoft monopoly?Microsoft monopoly the software market in the PC industry due to its operating system can operate in any hardware combinations.Which sector do you think Apple monopoly?Apple monopoly in digital music sector and mobile sector, many iPod and iPhone can be found easily on the street as the handheld device of many users.Usually where you get the information or parole for the products? liken both of the pie chart above, most of the people get the information of Microsoft from email promotions and social media, but for Apple, Email promoti ons and social media tactics less likely to be use with.5.0 Discussions5.1 Compare and Contrast of Business Strategies5.1.1 SecrecyAs show in graph above the different between Apple and Microsoft business strategy is its secrecy level. Nowadays the social networking platforms such as blog, facebook, twitter, etc are very famous around the world. There are companies that use these platforms to communicate with their fans, potential customers, costumers, sharing about the new business strategy, new technology, new upcoming products or get the direct respond from the public. Such as Microsoft, at that place are different formalised blog for different department, such as IEBlog or Server Team Blog. But in that location is also the official Microsoft Blog for the executives or employees to deliver the news and the perspective from Microsoft. Besides that, the Microsoft squad uses their blog to respond to the current related topics or what happenings in the industrial, such as Micro soft Cooperate ungodliness President reply the criticism of the former employee by the title Measuring Our Work by Its openhanded Impact through the blog. 6But this kind of the culture is banned in Apple. In Apple, no employees are tolerateed to share to public any tidbits about what are they currently doing. There are also no official blog for Apple. The whole Apple have is their official website to provides the details to the public. Moreover, Apple has been go throughn to deal out wrong information to their workers. According to a former employee parent that Philip Schiller, senior vice president for ecumenical product marketing, provided incorrect information about a products price or features about new products in internal meetings. By using the incorrect details, Apple then tries to track down the source of discover. For those employee that leak or accidently leak the information, they will be fired. 7Even Apple employees have no idea what are they currently working at. They just finish the task that assigned. The engineers that deal with the hardware part and the software part are separate in different instituteings in order to prevent for them to know what is the whole project was. So for Apple employees they are as surprised as public about the new product launch or products update. Basically Apple secrecy pipes paranoia. A former Apple marketing passenger car describe as below Employees working on top-secret projects must pass through a maze of certification doors, swiping their badges again and again and finally entering a numeric code to conk their offices, according to one former employee who worked in such areas. Work spaces are typically monitored by security cameras, this employee said. Some Apple workers in the most critical product-testing rooms must cover up devices with calamitous cloaks when they are working on them, and turn on a red warning light when devices are unmasked so that everyone knows to be extra-careful. 7 Besi de the unannounced new products, this rule also applies for the announced. Such as for new iPad that just launch and will be available in Apple Store on 3rd of April, but even few days before launch, Apple Store employees form concierge to four-in-hand havent seen it yet. The most kindle part is the geniuses that in charge of the problems solving and fixing dont know how to top and fix the potential problems yet.8 wherefore secrecy is so important in Apple business strategy? It is because this approach has been critical to success, it will allowing Apple to attack the market share of other companies before for their competitors conscious about it. Usually if Steve found that if there are some breakage or potential products in the sectors, they will find the possibilities to touch base it or create it out. Such as iPhone, it takes more than three years for Apple to figuring out how to product it should be, so that was three years ahead of their rivals. So when their rivals try to create some product to fight back, maybe Apple has brought their existing product into another(prenominal) level. This make Apple in hunt of the sectors and their rivals keep catching up at behind.Since Apple image is about the secrecy, before any events that held by Apple, there are sure many rumors going on the tech website or media. But there sure will have leaks about the new product information. A former Apple manager describe that these sorts of leaks are handed down from senior Apple executives to the employees to contact major news or website outlets. The communication is always done in person or on the phone and never by e-mail. This is because if theres ever any dispute about what transpired, theres no physical evidence to prove the false of distributively troupes version of the story.9 So it is all about the business or marketing tactics. By control leaks, Apple will know who the public will respond to their new products and it is a free method to survey and free met hod to advertise the potential new products.All of the rumors or lawsuits that are related to Apple company well shown in their stock (AAPL) that listed on Nasdaq. The stock price will go high before there are any events and if the new product release meets the public expectation the stock price will be rise again or remain same. But if out of expectation, the price will be drop. So as the lawsuits, by winning the lawsuit will tending to push up the stock.5.1.2 Open door versus closed doorThe second strategy related to secrecy is about the open door versus closed door. Since the day Microsoft collaborate with IBM when IBM approach Microsoft for needing the operating system for their new to-be-announced PC. The in the flesh(predicate) computer (PC) that creates by the IBM is open architecture, which means that peripheral components and compatible software can be produce and sell by other manufacturers without purchasing licenses. Soon there comes other manufactures to reverse engi neered the PC which so call the IBM PC compatible. As the success of the IBM PC lead the PC become the standard in the industry and lead many of the other companies to start to clone it. Due to the popularity of the IBM PC, it helps to push to Microsoft to world because all of the clone will use the Microsoft DOS operating system.After more than 30 years of evolution, instantly there are full of computer company such as Dell, Asus, Acer, etc which is PC maker and seller. It is not too over to say that each of the PC that they sold come with the pre-install Windows operating system that developed by Microsoft. The statistics showed that more than 90% of the operating system market shares are own by Microsoft.10 How Microsoft reach so far? The answer is collaboration with the hardware manufactures and with software programmer. Microsoft released the Application Programming Interface (API) privileged the operating system for the use of the programmer. Since the PC is very popular and due to the popularity and high demand, so there are a lots of programs which is wrote to be work in Windows operating system. Back to computer manufacture, each PC that preinstall with the Windows operating system must be genuine. The charge for the operating system at the end will be pay by the end users. From there Microsoft get a lot of income from the licenses. Because of the ask of collaboration with different parties, Microsoft need to release their road map or preview of the new software in advance order to let or encourage or make sure the manufactures to build their offerings around Microsoft new systems. Sure, this will only let Microsoft a stranglehold on the software market.For Apple, it is alone different. Apple hardware is a close architecture, so only Apple proprietary software can match with proprietary hardware. It is totally black box operations. Mac OS X is just for Apple Mac computers, iPhone OS just for Apple iPhone or iPod. Apple have different keyboard layo ut, different connective for video output. By using iPod or iPhone, the only software that you can sync with is by using iTunes. Unlike Windows mobile operating system or Windows operating system that is designed to work on any participating computer or handset. So there is totally no openness and interoperability in Apple compare to Microsoft. Due to that close looped and high prices, less people which the Mac OS X market share less than 5% and the software that operable on the Mac OS X is quite limited and the driver for peripherals hardware that work with Mac OS X also limited. But on the other hand, because of the ecosystem, Apple can design the combination of hardware and software that work well together, this can ensure that whole system is running smoothly and to enhance the user experience which others cant deliver. The advantage for Apple is they only write the software for their own hardware so there are fewer problems, for Microsoft, as they need to support all of the va riant hardware then it run on, so there will be more problems to deal with.5.1.3 How to reach customersThe third point is how the both company reach their customers. Usually there are three ways to reach the customers, first is through the official online line of descent, secondly is directly through the concept inventory and the last and the most important method is through advertisement. The Microsoft online line aka Microsoft Marketplace offers all the latest products from Microsoft and computer or hardware by third party manufactures. It provides all the specifications, minimum requirements, pricing, comparison between products and other details that will be need by the secureers. User can select the products and add into cart then directly pay by deferred payment card to get the products. Unfortunately, Microsoft Marketplace just available to selected countries only which exclude Malaysia. Beside for the software for computer, Microsoft also provides the software for smart phone. For the Windows mobile platform there is a special store or platform for users to view and download the applications, games that create by third party developer which name as Windows marketplace for mobile.The virtual store is not enough to interact with users. So why the concept store is so important? It is because there are demands for users to physically experience the stuff, to introduce to the new technology and get the direct help from the professionals. So it leads to opening of the official concept store. For Microsoft, they have total two Microsoft store at United States, both open in 2009. Microsoft store is target to improve the customers retail purchase experience for Microsoft products, provide opinions and help consumers to make decisions with their PC and software purchases. The store provide wide variety of products, it offers both hardware and software that create by Microsoft such as Microsoft windows, Microsoft office, Xbox 360, Zune potable media player e tc. It also offers the personal computers that construct by third parties manufactures such as HP, IBM, Dell etc. Most of the PC peripherals and accessories can be found in the store too. For both hardware part and software part, customers can have a test drive at there about all the new technologies or functions that provide by Microsoft for new software and entertain their self with Xbox 360 or the Zune. There is also a corner named as Answer bar which duty by the Microsoft professional with the meaning of helps to answer and troubleshoot the problems about Microsoft products. Beside the averageal customer service, they also provide the after sales service at there. For the faulty Microsoft hardware can be send to there for the re meet. Class sessions also provided to introduce to the new users to highlight all the basic and new functions.For Apple, same as Microsoft, they have both the online store and the concept store so call Apple Store. But both the Apple online store and co ncept store are quite different with the Microsoft. For Microsoft the main idea is for promote and introduce their product to the public and not sales. This is because personal computer can buy from the manufacture and maybe the manufacture provides more promotions or offers. For the software part, most of them are bundle with the new computers. But this is totally different for Apple. For Apple, all the software and hardware are custom by themselves. So they are the only one who provides the service or warranty. All the faulty hardware which cant solve by the authorized distributor is send back to Apple. For Microsoft, they just provide online store for few countries, but for Apple, they provide the online store for most of the country in the world which all the price are viewing in the local currency. For Apple online store, they provide both the hardware and software from themselves and third party too. The special about the Apple online store is they provide the education disco unt for both the students and lectures. The education prices are bring down than market price, so that it can encourage the students or lectures to switch to the Apple ecosystem more affordable. As mention above, Apple website is the only way to get the new information about the Apple. So as the online store, it is the only way to get information about the updates or refresh of the current Apple product lines. When the online store is down, there are only two possibilities, one is for maintenance and another is for product update. Beside the online store, there are other stores such as Apps Store which provide the applications for the ipod touch, iphone and ipad by third parties. Itunes store to sell the music, video, ringtone, romp to both the mac and windows users.For Apple concept store, there are totally 286 stores in worldwide. Inside the store provide all the product range from Apple. In order to run the store effectively and achieve high customers stratifications, all the s taff are been well trained for specific tasks. The level of readying depends on the post that currently holds. primary is store manager that in charge of whole team members, evaluate their performance and manage the profitability. Second is concierge/ specialist, there are quite a numbers of specialist such as Inventory Control, Back of House and Personal Shopping Specialist. For Personal Shopping Specialist they performs assort customer service tasks, such as conduct product sales and answers enquires about Apple products and their main task is to deliver unique shopping experience to customers . Third is Creative which been well trained to provides training or advice, teach about all Apples software and pro applications to customers. As Apple very focus about the customer service and from the statistic of Customer Service Champs 2010 that done from the BusinessWeek magazine, Apple get 3rd swan which is highest among all the computer manufacture. Last but not least, there is a lso Apple Genius that serves at the Genius Bar to diagnoses and identifies the possible problems, perform repairing, replacement services for the products that under recall or infallible and provide technical support to Apple users. To attract the visitors to Apple store, Apple had made many affords. star of it is the architecture and interior design. In a results, numerous architectural awards been award to its store designs, so thats make it Apple Store so unique to each others such as the Apple Store at the 5th Avenue of New York. It is the underground store which its entrance is a big glass cube. The most unique and eyes catching interior design is the glass staircase that leads to the underground store. Beside that the glass staircase was awarded design pattern in 2002.11For the advertising part, both companies almost perform same to each other. First is by sending email. This is because it is a most cost effective way. Usually the email will introduce either the new product s or the promotion of the current products. By sending the email or newssheet to the subscriber, it can create the awareness of the customers towards the advertisement, help to create loyal customers and serve as a reminder. by means of the email newsletters that send, the direct sales can be increase and will lead to increase the income.Nowadays, the usages of the search engines are part of the daily life. Just key the website or information that wishes to look for at the search engine, and you will get the page that require. So advertising through the search engine is the way to do so. Search engine company provide paid search advertising at the top of the all the results when the keywords are matched. This allow interested visitor to browse the details, increase the business revenue and abase outgo limit.For Apple, for the major products such as iPod, iPhone and iPad, or when there are major improvements over old products, they will publish the advertisement video to introduc e the features or the uniqueness of the products. Besides that, the most famous Apple advertisement is the Get a Mac, which use to compare between the PC and Mac computer. To compete with the advertisement, Microsoft creates Im PC advertisements which focus on the price of PC which is cheaper over Mac computers.Another strategy which use by Microsoft and later follow by Apple is use the strength of social media. By using social media, the end users or customers will help to spread out the information which is product advertising. The reviews by the professionals or pioneers are post at the Facebook or Youtube to introduce their products. Communicate with the users are important for Microsoft strategy, so they create blogs, discussion groups on forum or social networking website such as Facebook or even chitter to provide the frequent information updates about new products and use the platform as the brand ambassador to increase to adoption rate of new products. From listening the f eedback rather than self defend can help Microsoft to improve and create better products. As discussed above, the suggestions or opinions from users act as a feedback look and make a whole close loop ecosystem. For Apple, there are two official Facebook page, one for iTunes and another for Apps Store. The content include introduce the new apps or song and direct link to the store for further purchasing, which is another way to promote the items. Overall, the social media can be effective tool for marketing, it also allow user to voice their opinions and suggestions and participate in the product development cycle, which result better products for better future. 125.2 Compare and Contrast of Innovations5.2.1 Apple InnovationsAccording to the survey percent of people thinks that Apple is more innovative. It is a norm where when discuss about innovation, most computer and electronics consumers will focus and chasing for Apple, and that why Forbes Magazine ranked Apple in 1st place for most admired company for innovation. The formula for Apple is keep increase the spending for RD, keep innovate, keep launch the new products or updates and lastly keep the competitors far behind. Apple do innovate quite a number of technologies, but it is surprise that in many cases Apple do help to push the technologies in the mainstream but Apple did not invent the core technologies. Steve jobs said that You cant ask people what they want next, they wont know, they cant tell you what they want next, they just know when they see it and feel that it gonna be right things. First of all is graphical user interface (GUI). The GUI was introduced by Apple in 1984 named as Mac OS pairing with its Apple Lisa computer and changes the computer industry since ever. Before the introduction of GUI to public, all the personal computers were power by dot ground substance reign line operating system, to execute any command, user need to type in the command and the interaction and it is not user friendly at all. In the truth is the GUI generally impute to bolt because the idea is get from Xerox when Steve Jobs and other Apple executives visit the Xerox research come to in 1979. On the other hand, Apple do help to innovate for GUI, Apple include the take out and drop, double click, menu bar at top of the screen with pull down menu. All the go follow by Microsoft with release Windows 1.0 in late 1985. 13 With the introduced of GUI in Mac OS, Apple introduced the mouse to be the pointer for its GUI. Apple did not invent the mouse, the mouse was invent by Douglas Engelbart and ship with Xerox workstations in 1981. As a result of population, nowadays all the desktop computer must pair with a keyboard and mouse. 14The successor for Apple Lisa is Apple Macintosh. It is the first commercially successful all in one personal computer feature with GUI and mouse. All in one computer not the airplane pilot idea from Apple as older 8 bit computers such as Commodore PET and Kaypro use this concept first. 15 After Steve Jobs back in 1997, he announced iMac in 1998 which is all in one computer which brightly colored transparent casing for monitor, keyboard and mouse. This is the 1st computer for Apple to return its profitability after return if Steve. Since then iMac been categorized as mid range price computer and the newest of iMac feature 21.5 and 27 inch LCD screen. As the uniqueness and the all in one pc reduce the space consumption, nowadays other manufacture such as NEC, LENOVO, DELL release their own all in one pc with Windows OS to grab the market share of all in one pc.Another story for introduction of iMac in 1998 is abandoning old technology such as remove the lax disk drive. The remove of floppy was

Family Domestic Violence Assessment Social Work Essay

Family internal Violence Assessment Social Work stressMrs. Chan has a family of four including a watchword and a daughter. She first came for do because of the bad father-son relationship in her family. During the interview, she disclosed the fact that she has been suffered from internal fantastic for ab appear one year.Four interviews were conducted by the doer. The purpose was to help measure out the situation and set up an intercession plan to dismiss domesticated violent in the family and create a harmony family atmosphere.Background instructionThe node, Mrs. Chan, is a housewife and her husband runs a grocery store. They generate an 11-year-old son and an 8-year-old daughter. The financial status of the family is adequate.Problem assessmentClients perception of the tasksDuring the interview sessions, Mrs. Chan explained her views on the problem.Mrs. Chan worried about the bad father-son relationship in the family. For example, they seldom gibber to each other. The sons school work was getting work and had strange behaviors.Mrs. Chan told the prole that she was abused by her husband and tolerated it for about one year. She had mentioned if her husband took out a knife, she could not stand it. When this happened, the leaf node worried about she and her cardinal childrens gum elastic.Works perception of the problemsAccording to Family-Centre Approach (Waldegrave , 2005), the family system would be heat if there is one problem in the family. It provoke to focus on one problem and to regain the balance step by step. The worker sight that the family have several problems . The family genus Phalluss tolerated them but not tried to crystallise them, they lacked of focus on the problems.Domestic violentMrs. Chan suffered from domestic violent since locomote year. Mr. Chan abused Mrs. Chan and even took out a knife to threat. The worker observed that the lymph gland and her childrens safety were at risk.Spousal relationshipThe unsolved dom estic violent would trigger the other problem in the family (Waldegrave , 2005). The worker ensn be that Mr. Chan was not respectful enough towards Mrs. Chan. He abused his wife and did not consider her physical hurt and trauma. Mrs. Chan tolerated it for a long time and neer asked for help. Tolerate is not help for problem solving.Father-son relationshipThe family is the fundamental imaging for the nurturing of children and parents should be supported in their efforts to care for their children (Waldegrave , 2005).The domestic violent bear upon the father-son relationship. The children witnessed the father beat the mother, this arouse the hatred of them towards the father.During the interviews, the worker found the client had suffered from domestic violence for a long time. She had many worries and hard to go under the arrangements, for example, financial concern and childrens school issue.Agreed view of the clients and the workerThe client and the worker agreed that safety is the first concern. We thought that Mrs. Chan and her two childrens were in a dangerous situation. The domestic violent led to other problem in the family, such as the father-son relationship and the sons behavior problem. Based on Mrs. Chan determination to change, it was hope that the domestic violent could be dismiss and a more harmonious atmosphere would be create in the family.Priorities of problemsDomestic violentSpousal relationshipRelationship of father and son noise phaseThe Inter-Agency Committee on Collaboration of Services for Families Where Wife snipe Occurs (1990) suggest that unless the batterer acknowledged his violent behavior and finished his own intervention plan, the worker should not bring the couple together for counseling. In this case, the client and her family member were separate for different individual intervention.ObjectivesShort-termEnsure safetyTo dismiss violence in the family meliorate spousal relationshipImprove father son relationshipLong-termCrea te harmony and supporting atmosphere in the familyStrategies and rationalesResidential Services for Abused WomenLowenberg and Dolgoff (1996) developed an good Rules Screen which place the protection of safety as the most classic principle. So the workers first concern was the clients safety. Refuge centers provide temporary readjustment to females and their children in smell of domestic violence or family crisis. The social worker would refer the client for the Harmony House for safety concern. She can have a safe place to stay and think about what to do next.Domestic violence support groupMany women think that tattle others or reporting to the police of the violence is betrayal and disloyal to the husband, she is excessively breaking the trust and friendship between the two (Towns, Adams and Gavey, 2003). According to the case, Mrs.Chan was slow about telling the abusing problem at first and informed that she had never told others before. So it is good for her to communicat e with others in the same situation and face the problem not tolerate it. This interaction would benefit her decision making. steamy management and interpersonal relationship workshopsMrs. Chan indicated that Mr. Chan was not good at controling his emotion and got hot temper. These workshops are conflict resolution trainings that help abusing men commode with their emotions in a healthy manner. The workshops emphasize empathy, forgiveness, and understanding. Through the course of the workshops he will be able to control anger .Counseling with the childrenKolbo(1996) suggest the negative effects of witnessing domestic violence on childrens emotional and behavioural development. The domestic violent behaviors had bad effect on the children. The son worsened in study and hate his father. It is necessary counsel the children for further intervention. curb family therapyUse risk assessment to evaluate two of the couple are ready for the family therapy, and the safety monitoring is ongo ing. In the condition that the husband was apprised that his violence was irrational and the wife was willing to counsel with the husband. The family-centre approach recall that families who seem hopeless can grow and change (Boone, 2002). All family member is responsible to the harmony of the family.

Two theories of motivation

Two theories of demandMotivation is an intangible homophile plus which figure outs as a driver that pushes humans to be willing to accomplish certain actions. In just about everything we do at that gravel is something that moves us to perform the action which involves some indigence whollyowing us to perform lying-ins or actions which produces some type of personal benefit as a result. The popular hypothesis would be that, the greater the personal gain in acting the task for the separate, the more than god they atomic number 18 to try at the task to achieve the best outcome. Motivation is usually stimulated by a want where thither is a gain to be had as a result of performing a certain task. As Todes, McKinney, Ferguson, Jr. (1977) p.223 states, A person is a wanting world he always wants, and he wants more. Therefore if on that point is nonhing that an individual wants, there would be no need for them to perform a certain task as there is nonhing they fuck gain from it. Over time there engender been many motivational theories cracked to try and explore what motivation is and how contrary levels of motivation advise be achieved with different inputs. Two of the most astray recognised motivational theories come from Abraham Maslow ( pecking ordinance of necessitate) and Fredrick Herzberg (two gene theory). Managers in businesses would use these theories in an attempt to motivate staff to provide them with stage business satisfaction and in return receive better task performance.Through extensive search Maslow and Herzberg developed their own theories which atomic number 18 now used in businesses all around the world. Both differ in how they argon applied just now in the modern world they atomic number 18 seen as universe al unitaryness true by many although they should be perceived as universe an chaseing problematic set of observations about what motivates peck (Finchman Rhodes, 2005) p.199. This is due to the pretermi t of evidence to say that they are completely true despite applying to the general majority. Each is very similar in the way that there are certain compulsions that must be fulfilled before high levels of motivation can be obtained.Abraham Maslow sets out a hierarchy of importance where human necessitate are arranged in a series of levels (Todes et al. 1977). same(p) Herzbergs two factor theory, the require in Maslows hierarchy can be fragment into two levels. The first set being the basic needfully, hire physiological and safety needs. The second set can be seen as the bonuss consisting of social, esteem and self actualizing needs. In comparison to Herzberg, basic needs would be the equivalent of hygiene needs consisting of salary, colleagues, supervision, policies and environment. Herzbergs second set (motivators) includes cite, promotion, achievement, responsibility and inborn job aspects, all of which are individually quite self-explanatory and reasonably interlinked (Finchman Rhodes, 2005). As the structure of Maslows hierarchy suggests, the higher motivators are harder to achieve than the preceding(prenominal) and there is an order to which they must be acquired. If the previous motivator has not been reasonably genial then there will be no want to try and obtain the next. The physiological needs are reflected in the human need to eat, breathe, rest, drink and engage in active endeavors (Todes et al. 1977) p.244. These needs can be seen as essentials for survival making it logical to be place at the bottom of the hierarchy and as the lowest motivator (Todes et al. 1977). Safety needs come in the form of tincture unattackable in the job that you have which path that there is a requirement of shelter, a besotted whimsy of job security and as Todes et al. (1977) states, a need for protection against physical dangers along with the need to earn a fair salary that can satisfy a given archetype of living which is an element in Herzbergs li st of hygiene factors. A passenger vehicle would be able to fulfill the basic needs by freehand suitable amount of time for breaks in which the physiological needs can be easily met. Safety would derive from supervision and policies of the company where they act as a guide, sufficeing the employees progress giving them a feeling of being well supported. The environment that they pass in would also help with employees feeling safe as long as there is the shunning of physical dangers. Also there is the conflict of whether or not salary is a motivator. Managers may estimate that employees would work harder for a raise whereas others look at it is ineffective. Although necessary, hence it being placed in the hygiene factors and incorporated in the safety needs, it is not a motivator. The reason for this may be that although unmatchable receives more m bingley for what they do, they will not necessarily work harder having acquired the raise. This whence links salary to the motiv ator, promotion which would be the reason for why there is a sudden increase in an individuals income.The motivators, beginning with social needs, (Maslows deuce-ace need which could be seen as being at the base of the motivational hierarchy) cannot be achieved un slight the basic needs prior to it are in place and adequately meet. Social needs can be seen as the desire for interaction, acceptance and a sense of belonging with associates and personal acquaintances (Todes et al. 1977. With Herzberg, it can be argued that the social motivator is split between both the categorical factors contradicting Maslows learning of it. As the hygiene factors of colleagues and to an extent, supervision, fulfill the social need for interaction, the motivator recognition would lead to meeting the need for acceptance and belonging. Herzbergs motivator of recognition unite with promotion, responsibility and perhaps achievement would also be linked with Maslows one-fourth need, esteem. This, a mor e personal, perhaps egotistical need, is much harder for a bus to incorporate into the working environment due to the managerial trend of decrease most jobs to their lowest level of job content (Todes et al. 1977). Being discover for good performance through and through praise and recognition, which could lead to the achievement of a promotion where responsibility is increased, can all be contri plainlyors towards fulfilling esteem but never effectively satisfying it entirely. Even if it does, it will only be temporarily and perhaps not enough for the peak need of self-actualisation to step to the fore being met. It therefore acts as a constant motivator to work harder or continue working to meet the higher needs (Finchman Rhodes 1977).Self-actualization is where an individual grows towards a firm understanding of their abilities and utilises these skills at an optimum level (McGregor. 1964). This concluding need however, is rarely met, hence it being at the top of the hierar chy as the idea of as you progress up the hierarchy, the peak of distributively need that must be passed is higher than the need before it. not only is this an in-chief(postnominal) factor, there is also the requirement that the previous needs, although less dominant in focus, must remain active and acceptably cheerful before the next factor can be of any interest to the individual (Krech, Crutchfield Ballachey cited in Todes et al. 1977). Due to this and the general fact that self-esteem is satisfied in small quantities and not regularly, it does not make acquiring self-actualization an leisurely task due to the previously described theory rule. Although Herzbergs theory operates similarly, there is not as strict an order to follow as to whether a specific factor must be met before another(prenominal) one can become of any interest other than working on the basis that all hygiene factors must be adequately satisfied before any motivators can begin to be of any relevance to th e individual. In this aspect the perplex is more lenient and due to not having a strict order of how they must be met, any factor within their respective categories can be acquired in any order making it easy and ready to be tested. Not only this but each factor is very much interlinked and compliments one another in the way that when one is achieved, other factors can be acquired in quick succession. Managers could then incorporate this into the way that tasks are delegated so that when an employee completes one task they obtain a certain amount of need satisfaction. On the next task performed, more needs could be fulfilled and unknowingly, employees would be progressing through the fulfilment of all Maslow or Herzbergs needs where they attain either more self-actualisation or job satisfaction.What needs to be kept in mind is that although the two are very similar, Maslows hierarchy can be applied almost any mail with the aim of exploring psychological approach. Whereas Herzber gs theory outlines more of what factors must be in place before job satisfaction can be achieved relating more specifically to motivation and its pretend within the work place (Finchman Rhodes. 2005). The intrinsic job aspects would be the surrounding(prenominal) motivator related to personal accomplishment as this need involves the employees feeling that through working they are benefitting and developing as an individual. This therefore means that a manager would need to try and identify which of the two theories they think would be most effective and achievable in developing employee motivation. Do they want their employees to acquire job satisfaction through Herzbergs motivators or to be self actualizing being more willing to work understanding themselves and what they are capable of. A combination of the two could be possible in Maslows basic needs and Herzbergs hygiene factors but the encyclopaedism of both does not necessarily mean that motivation or job satisfaction woul d be obtained, it just means that job dissatisfaction would be likely to develop without it (Finchman Rhodes 2005). another(prenominal) point to remember is that not all individuals are the same in what they want hence the models not being universally accurate. A situation where either model would not be fully applicable is where one is happy with their current position and the tasks that they perform. As a result of the fulfillment of an unwanted need such as promotion, that particular employee may underachieve as they have lost the job satisfaction they had prior to the acquisition of that motivational need. Whereas another who may have wanted such a need would be discouraged due to them not receiving the promotion and as a result de-motivated the employee. As mentioned, everyone is different in their levels of satisfaction and motivational priorities, some of which would be unknown to the individual. Even if known they may not know what to do to obtain them. From this a manager would have to recuperate a way of being able to match the needs of pot with appropriate incentives (Todes et al. 1977) p.165. Of course for a manager to fulfill all these needs they would have to be able to relate to the motivational needs of the employees under them and incorporate them into their strategy so that employees would be able to achieve them through the tasks they perform. As these motivational needs are met, employees may be more motivated to work and unknowingly develop other motivational needs that are fulfilled through the managers task setup. A very important factor for a manager to remember according to Finchman Rhodes (2005) p.266, is that the principle of demeanour that is rewarded tends to be repeated and that which is punished, avoided. From this, it can be seen that managers have a strong ability and influence on their employees behaviour.Therefore both motivational theories are not total opposites of each other but are in fact very similar. Both focus on the motivators as being contributors to psychological growth and development (Finchman Rhodes, 2005). Each has certain requirements which must be met before someone can progress onto achieving motivational needs, such as in Maslows case the basic needs and the hygiene needs in Herzbergs both are seen as being needed to be in place before there can be any progression onto the next set of motivators. This also expresses how both are similarly split into two groups. A big difference would be how Maslows theory can apply to any situation but Herzbergs is more applicable in the workplace and set out in a way that make it easy to prove correct, whereas it was more difficult with the former despite being taught as true (Finchman Rhodes, 2005). Managers could effectively incorporate the motivational techniques into developmental strategies by designing a work environment where employees would be able to develop personally as they work, in turn they could unknowingly acquire motivation (Todes et al. 1977). This way employees would be more willing to perform their tasks and develop needs encouraging them to work harder, becoming more motivated to meet these red-hot needs. But perhaps the most obvious and important similarity is that although they are taught as being true, a manager would need to keep in mind that they are not. Even though they apply to the majority, different people have different needs and levels of satisfaction therefore either model cannot be totally relied on for a manager to try motivate employees (McGregor. 1964).Reference ListFinchman. R Rhodes. P, Principles Of Organisational Behaviour, 2005 P.199, P.233McGregor. D, The Professional Manager, 1964 P.11, P.75Todes. J.L, Mckinney. J, Ferguson Jr. W, Management Motivation, 1977 P. 165, P. 223-227, P.244