Tuesday, April 30, 2019

The Resilience of Affirmative Action and Its Still Relevant Today Research Paper

The Resilience of Affirmative Action and Its Still Relevant nowadays - Research Paper ExampleVarious executive officials curtailed the enforcement of racial equality. Various government agencies, universities and corporations curtailed racial conversion. During this period, optimistic action grew stronger and more resilient. Affirmative action was shaped by a combination of normative and dogmatic factors within academic institutions. Universities emphasized the need for racial diversity and equality within their institutions. Civil rights activists and diversity professionals have contributed heavily to the creation and run throughation of frameworks that courts later implemented. The growth of affirmative action was countered by the origin in racial conservatism. The achievement of civil rights movements led to the institutionalization of equality in large organizations. Most universities began to implement affirmative action policies voluntarily in assign to create racial eq uality and counter mixer segregation. Post-secondary education treats white, black and Hispanic students differently, leading to racial inequality within institutions and the wastage of talent (Lipson, 2014).Scholars have authentic theories to explain policy cultivation over the years. Coercive isomorphism emphasizes the influence of external interests on the trading operations of some institutions. The procession defines bureaucratic institutions as easily influenced by organized interest groups. Another approach emphasizes the influence of law and envisions institutions as complying with legal reforms and judicial decisions. The structure of policy-making institutions and historical contingent political processes has a crucial role in shaping policy development. Another approach states that policy development can be attributed to both voluntary and coerced approaches. The neoinstitutional theory emphasizes the need to evolve organizational policies and practices in order to apply

Monday, April 29, 2019

Outline the causes of income inequality in the UK and evaluate the Essay - 2

Outline the causes of income inequality in the UK and evaluate the measures that could be used by the UK government to achieve a more equal distribution of wealth - Essay ExampleA report in anatomy of economic disparity in the UK scrutinizes the level of more inequality divulge for over thirty years. The paper may create an uncomfortable interpretation for the labor government though it signposts that a considerable obligation lies with the Tories who led the intense divisions in 1980s and the early 1990s (Summit 2010, paginate 27-63).Changes in the income distribution, where individual compassings change in time, olibanum affecting the heights and the low income earners in the UK (Incorporating one society 2012, page 12-32). Those in public sectors fail to experience wage increase thus largely affected by income distribution.Difference in wealth, that is, people who own assets like rental houses earn extra income, those who inherited money may set up an industry with a likelih ood of high incomes thus differing from the poor and those unable to generate capital for the creation of wealth.Unemployment causes poverty in the UK as the benefits of unemployment argon rather low. With the lack of a job, the income tends to lower, unlike those in employment. The pensioners experience low incomes, especially those relying on the verbalise pensions stomach an income below average wage (Summit 2010, page 27-63). The single mothers and those on a disability adjustment rely on the state benefits and tend to have low incomes. Those working in public sectors have wages lower than the comparable jobs in the private sectors as the government relaxes in the salary increase. information is a key factor to income inequality. As the parents grow professionally, their children may tend to acquire better and more academic qualifications, unlike the uneducated parents who may disregard the importance of quality education for their children, thus guide to income disparity (S ummit 2010, page 27-63).One of the measures includes government investment in the private sectors. Investing more in the private sectors, lead to the creation of employment. Thus, it reduces the chances

Sunday, April 28, 2019

The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro - Essay subjectThis remark brings with it, and an emotional appeal of sympathy from his listeners and they are made to see the sincerity of the utterances that will follow.Mr Douglas uses Toulmin as his method of argument. Great Britain is mentioned as the colonial powerfrom whichthe United States liberated themselves. He frowns upon the mind-set of their colonisers towards their subjects and refers to those as the disastrous times. This he does by bringing to light how the British put restraints and limitations on them because they saw it add together to keep their liberties in check. Itstrips their colonisers of their credibility.He seeks pardon for any imperfections that may be detected in his actors line and attributes them to his level of education and hastiness that may have been triggered by the magnitude of the occasion. It, therefore, brings about a crystalline appeal which he seconds with a follow up remark when he refers to the fourth of July as the present date of the nation. It symbolises a new dawn with which the past injustices that were perpetrated by their colonial masters are gazed upon as a part of a history that has shaped the nation of

Saturday, April 27, 2019

Explain how schooling and earnings are related and how a Mincer Essay

Explain how take aiming and earnings atomic number 18 related and how a Mincer function estimates the rate of return to schooling. What problem - Essay ExampleThis premium has increased since the 1970s. It sum that the employers in different sectors value workers who are more educated (Steve, 2006). The set of abilities and skills that different individuals bring to the mart is called human capital. Schooling is an investment in the human capital. This is so because it delivers skills that are specialized and boosts the productivity of workers. As a result, levels of training that are higher generally lead to an increased power of earning (Boniface, 1999). Different researches ensnare been up to(p) to show that each year one spends in school improves their annual earning by ecstasy per cent (Melvin, 1991). However, one should way the options of attending work to furthering their education. This choice is called the opportunity cost or the real price of education. A person wh o seeks to maximize his future earnings should choose remaining in school to learn more if only the long-run payout in an additional year in school is able to surpass the opportunity cost (Vade, 2012). The impact caused by schooling on the different levels of earning carries a operative weight for the decision making of persons as well as the policy makers. With the theories of education and earning in the join Kingdom and the averaged ten per cent return rate annually, schooling represents among the finest investment any given giving medication can make for the period of financial limitations and scarce resources. Through subsidizing education, the policy creators are able to guarantee that education is more affordable and more accessible. It is argued that investment in the sector of education is a surely way for good result of an economy and the standard of living for the people who pick up low incomes. (Ruben, 1999). The Wage-schooling locus is a theory based on the total amount of earnings that different firms are ready to pay their employees for a given level of schooling. According to the theory, different workers with different educational level have different amount of salaries (Helen, 2005). The more one is educated the more his or her salary per annum. There are certain properties that a wage-schooling locus has. The locus slopes upwards. The upward sloping slue shows that more education is infallible in the market and an increase in the level of education has an increasing effect on the salaries of employees (Jackson, 1997). This curve indicates an earnings increase associated with one year additional of education. The wage-schooling locus curve is concave. This indicates that there is a diminish rate of return to the accumulation of human capital. Each additional year of education yields less noesis increase and a lower additional earning compared to previous years (Else, 1999). A year increase in education leads to an increase in salari es but at a reducing rate. The wage-schooling locus indicates the salary which a worker would get after completing a certain level of education (Reuben, 1990). If this worker were a high school graduate, he or she would earn $ 21,000 in a year. If the worker advances his or her education for one year in college, his or her returns will increase to $ 24,000, according to this graph. Dollars 24,000 21,000 12 13 14 Years of schooling Mincer function Mincer was able to come up with an earning natural log model. This model is a function of the education years and the years of the

Friday, April 26, 2019

Research Assignment 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Research Assignment 3 - Essay Examplee College in Massachusetts admits however women in their college while Marymount Manhattan College in New York and Wheaton College in Massachusetts accept both(prenominal) men and women in their college.Women-only colleges like Barnard College and Mount Holyoke College design a curriculum that would uplift the competence of women. Both of these colleges value delivery of the school as a womens university. As Barnard College is affiliated with the Columbia University and Mount Holyoke College with the Seven Sisters, students were presumption the opportunity to take classes easily in either of the affiliated schools. I noticed that these colleges value the hit of scenery, probably because women value the aesthetic nature. Barnard and Mount Holyoke colleges maintain their own faculty, endowment, governance, and curriculum with distinguished competitive cognitive operation among other co-educational schools.Meanwhile, co-educational schools such as Marymount Manhattan College and Wheaton College consider diversity in their curriculum. Women are viewed in equal simile and importance just like men. Liberal arts curriculums of both colleges tend to enhance the leadership skills of both men and women. Since curriculums are directed towards diversity, womens interests are viewed equal to mens interests.With these, I hold that womens only colleges advance the interests of women more than co-educational colleges. Bank (2011) stated that women-only colleges put women in the center of its mission, gouge make women achieve and hold high expectations, make women feel important, provide more opportunities for women to engage in leadership opportunities, and prioritize the women in the curriculum than those of co-educational colleges (p.

Thursday, April 25, 2019

Significance of Human Resource Development Essay

Significance of Human Resource Development - Essay ExampleIn this regard, organizations shit recognized the importance of Human Resource Development as an important strategic partner in the development of its most valuable intangible asset - the human capital (Zula and Chermack, 2007). With the growing number of workers which is as well intensified by diversity due to the burgeoning population of baby-boomers (Waight, 2005), Human Resource Development (HRD) is critically involve to address the diverse characteristics and provide a strategic human capital planning (Zula and Chermack, 2007).The following outlines the onus of human election development being a strategic partner in business organizations. The ever-changing role it portrays from traditional perspective of human imaging function to a more decentralized functionality. Its logical implication in the learning and development of individuals and organizations as well as the emerging trends and future of human resource de velopment is herein provided.As organizations continue to struggle to address the demands of a changing economy and marketplace, whilst purpose shipway to improve performance of the workforce and in turn enhance financial profitability, HRD is perceived the better source and venue for these changes to take place as prime role of this division is manpower development. In Grahams (1994) findings, he ascertained that successful health care organizations, despite different approaches and ways of achieving end result, all acknowledged and recognized the significance of human resource dimension. Through well-integrated human resource structure, specifically with the function of human resource development, employees skills and abilities are nevertheless extracted to provide utmost jimmy for optimal business profitability. In this sense, the human resource development has emerged as a critical necessity feature

Wednesday, April 24, 2019

Nokia Aims Way Beyond Handsets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nokia Aims Way Beyond Handsets - Essay mannikinis more applicable in case of the multinational corporations as such companies have to take into describe wide range of factors to operate successfully.The mobile wad - set manufacturing giant, Nokia is a Finland based go with. The company has uncontroversial commercialise penetration in the arena of mobile hand set with wide range of products. The company ratifies itself as the consumer led company and focuses upon consumer involvement with technology and communications all across the globe. In effect to remain flexible and achieve sustainable all round development, Nokia has primarily focused upon major shifts in the undertaken strategies of the company. It has expanded its product categories beyond mobile hand set and ventured into wide range of products as comfortably as divine services. The company has also increasingly focused on tie ups with major cellular service providers all across the globe. The company longs to bui ld valued relationships with the customers through beautiful devices and excellent services.Nokia, the leader of the market in the arena of the mobile hand set manufacturing is actively involved in to strategical shifts in to other diversified arenas. The company is of the view that it is the diversification and the expansion that holds key to the success in the innovational business scenario. Some of the prominent alternatives that Nokia has been focusing upon include the followingAcquisition of Loudeye, gate5 and Twango Basically the mobile hand set manufacturer, Nokia has been on the acquisition spree to share music among its users. For the purpose, the company acquired the most valued touch of Apple iTunes, Loudeye. Also, Nokia purchased the software manufacturing giant, gate5 and Twango, the media sharing website.Nokia Maps Nokia Maps have been the other hugely successful concept brought forward by Nokia. The users of the Nokia Maps enabled hand - sets can choose nearby int eresting locations on their screens. Many of the service providers of

Tuesday, April 23, 2019

CAPM and the use of it Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

CAPM and the map of it - Essay ExampleCAPM is popular because of its simplicity and utility at various problems. CAPM is used to quantify the risk of exposure associated with the assets and so translate it into the returns associated with the securities (Mullins 2012).CAPM is actually used to make calculations of a single security. The formula is very transparent which is used in calculations. It includes the expected return on the capital assets, risk free rate of interest, marketplace risk which is denoted by beta, market premium and the risk premium. Now the description of all of these components is given as followHere beta or the market risk is very important. Every company too has its own beta value which is useful for every type of calculations. A specific companys beta value means the risk associated with the company but in comparison with the whole working(a) market. But when we talk about beta in capital asset pricing mould i.e. CAPM then it means the market risk whi ch any company must face during their cost and return calculations. By definition the value of beta is equal to 1.0.The application of CAPM gives its best results when all of the above assumptions are met in an appropriate environment. These assumptions are made regarding a generalized conditional environment. Whenever any specific different maculation may come and the investor may feel any difficulty then the researchers start their duty and kick downstairs any other way to solve the problem. Therefore we may see certain modified versions of theories and models. The rudimentary theme and assumptions of these theories and models is same only the operational side may be modified according to the situations. any(prenominal) critics are of the opinion that CAPM assumptions are totally unrealistic, but still there are many supporters of this model of capital asset pricing model.From the very beginning (i.e. just after introducing CAPM), the

Monday, April 22, 2019

How religion has an impact on marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

How religion has an impact on marketing - Essay ExampleDue to the increase in the tribe of the Islam, their behavior has been noted to influence how things are done as their immense numbers is a reflection of real economic figures. It is impressive to note that marketing in traffic is very alpha to Islamics as they inhabit most(prenominal) of the richest countries in the world. The practice of business in Muslim religion has to be compliant with the Quran and the Muslim law. For instance, during advertisements, the female image used represents a typical Muslim adult female with a head scarf as such trends are more identifiable with the conservative Muslim trends. This paper seeks to provide insights into the impacts of marketing on Islamic culture by illuminating on the hybridisation of business conduct and Islamic teachings.There are various reasons that has motived the growth of commerce in Islamic religion thereby making it one of the most important global economy. First, the increased Muslim population forming a fifth of the worlds population has an impact on the behaviors an attitudes of Muslim adherents. Moreover, during the 2008-2009 financial crises, most of the worlds economies were shattered. This allowed traders practicing Islamic finance to benefit heavily from the gains at that time thereby boosting their prosperity. Muslim traders were also boosted by the oil boom and the fact that the Muslims were increasingly becoming the most affluent consumers globally thereby promoting Muslim trade. Other reason include the improvement in the level foreign investment, the efforts towards the defining of a Muslim trading bloc, globalization and the efforts put forward in enhancing Islamization of countries with majority of their population being Muslim. Such efforts include defining Muslim codes to be followed in all conducts of life, this will impact of commerce too (Saeed et al. 2001).Sharia is the Islamic law that is responsible for

Discussion 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Discussion 2 - Assignment ExampleTherefore, this means that ethnical diversity increases the sales of a business, as well as its profit. If a business plans to sell in a different marketplace, then it must be totally able effectively to utilize its diverse workers in significant strategic ways.The aging populace is both an advantage and a disadvantage for elfin businesses (McCarthy, 2012). One certain thing, however, is that small organizations will have to reorient their strategies to hurdle the exceptional challenges and opportunities aging multitude offer (McCarthy, 2012). In the 90s, among the biggest hurdles facing small businesses was access to government regulations, capital and taxes. Nevertheless, in the new millennium, they can add a new hurdle to the list, the persistent labor shortage. Therefore, businesses lack the requisite labor, which would enable them to work efficiently (McCarthy, 2012). On an optimistic note, small organizations can exploit this growing prick of the population. Marketing strategy and new products will need to be created targeting the elderly

Sunday, April 21, 2019

The Role of the Individual in the Legal Process Essay

The Role of the Individual in the Legal Process - Essay ExampleOne weakness of board trial is that decisions of a jury may be influenced by facts that not in issue and irrelevant to the trial. Sadly, personal issues, prejudices, and emotions play a role in deciding critical matters such as the right to liberty of murder suspects. jurywoman 7 best demonstrates this. He votes depending on how the result will affect the baseball game he has bought a ticket to. He is impatient, wants the trial to end quickly and doesnt care whether the defendant is instal guilty or not. He starts by guilty then changes to not guilty to quickly solve the trial to a conclusion. jurymans 3 and 5 are used to show prejudice. Juror 5 is accuse by Juror 3 of voting out of sympathy for the suspect having grown up in a slum like him. In addition, Juror 3 is used to demonstrate how emotions influence jury decisions. He simply wants someone to be punished and opts for the boy to be found guilty and punished. He just says that the boy has got to burn and is slipping through their fingers. No profound analysis of evidence presented. Finally, Juror 10 demonstrates the role of prejudice. He simply believes that people raised in slums like the suspect endure a propensity to commit crimes and on that basis, would have found the suspect guilty.In some juries, members do not have opinions of their own and only vote fit to the reasoning of their friends. For example, Jurors 4, 10, and 12 alter votes according to Juror 8s logic that the old woman would not have had her glasses on in bed and did not have sufficient time to wear them in order to get out the suspect clearly. Some opinions are skewed as they bear no relationship with the facts in issue. It is revealed that juror three remained as the only juror with a guilty verdict due to a good-for-naught relationship with his son and nothing to do with the evidence in consideration.Apart from the weaknesses of a jury discussed above, a jury is capable of delivering a

Saturday, April 20, 2019

Lehman Brothers Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lehman Brothers - Case Study ExampleThe transaction helps the borrower to receive cash to which security instruments be transferred to the lender. Subsequently, the securities ar returned with an excessive interest of around 2 percent. This excess amount is termed as haircut. The method of accounting form do credits a Payable Account on borrowing cash and debits the same on its repayment. However, the vestibular sense sheet entry maintained the securities as pluss even on being transferred to their owners. Lehman Brothers increased the levels of haircuts or repo grade to 5 percent and 8 percent on Fixed Income and Equity securities respectively. Transactions of these natures were accounted for by Lehman as sales of securities and the cash received was also not treated as liability. Thus, it showed an inflated pecuniary and asset position of the firm (Dutta, Kaplan & Lawson, 25 Clark). There is a continual set of the relation between the systems of accounting methods practice d in companies and ethical contexts. Ethical procedure in accounting demands the preparation of true financial statements and balance sheets to reflect the true financial position of the company. The company needs to conduct the accounting trading operations based on the moral code of conducts and must not deviate from it. An ethical accounting system evokes an interest of the investors and other stakeholders of the firm and thus helps in creating loyalty (Karthik). The accountant has diversified roles in the focus of frauds. Modern-day accounting practices demand the increasing roles of an accountant as an auditor in the financial firm. The accountants are getting trained on conducting professional audits so as to track the fraudulent practices quite easily. Moreover, the groundbreaking accountants also function through consulting bodies to track fraudulent tax practices.

Friday, April 19, 2019

Amoco Cadiz Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Amoco Cadiz - Essay ExampleIt persisted in the form of asphalt crust and continued rescinding marine life. The declivity affected vacationers shores at Plougasnou and rock beaches of Perros-Guirec and Tregastel. The rough sea contributed to the rapid emulsification of water and oil, which and convoluted the cleanup scuffles making the sea wary forever. Devastatingly, fishermen continued fishing despite the sheer situation that fish had developed skin tumors and ulcerations (Patrick, 1982). Despite destroying marine ecosystem, the tragedy transpired through the food chain into military personnel beings and affected several generations.Two weeks after Amoco Cadiz grounded, its effects were felt far-flung and evident. Simmering with indignation, inhabitants of injured communities initiated a frantic battle against the mischance (Patrick,1982). Despite the cut medias attempt to verbose the apocalyptic images of the terrific oil slick, the entire nation was traumatized with the trage dy. Astilleros, the manufacturer, was indicted under the tort of negligence where the affected local communities and the government authorized 190 million euros after 14 years of multifaceted proceedings. The significant effects of the tragedy gave the French government an inordinate opportunity to review its Polmar Plan (oil response strategy), to create Cedre, and acquired Polmar stocks. This was in an effort to nurse future marine accidents and augment environmental fortification and

Thursday, April 18, 2019

Contractual Agreements Vs Joint Ventures Assignment

Contractual Agreements Vs crossroads Ventures - Assignment ExampleThis paper refers to the R&D programs with inter-firm co-operation. The modes could be either contractual or finished joint ventures. The basic impersonal behind these methods is to ensure cost-economization and strategic intent. R&D implies the standard military action of research oriented development wherein techno-scientific knowledge is applied to create newer procedures and products. The crux is that organizations benefit in the dogged run done R&D efforts and they need to plan for much(prenominal) activities to foster creation of give way processes and products. R&D partnerships form a part of diverse relationships which two unrelated companies entertain through acquisitions or mergers. Different kinds of taxonomies got inter-twined in such understandings and they are now inseparable. The inter-dependency could be charted in any of the avocation ways ofLicensing & cross licensing The service providers co llect fee for the technological enhancement provided to their partner and sometimes barter knowledge instead of fee for cross-licensing. Second-sourcing ratifies reproduction of already existing products with specifications.Sub-contracting of one firm by the separate establishes the customer-supplier relationship usually for long-term contracts.Joint funded R&D programs are usually contractual in nature wherein firms co-operate to perform such activities.Joint ventures combine the interests of two firms on a profit share basis. Sometimes firms with specific objectives related to different functions including R&D stipulate guidelines for performance of those functions smoothly. This paper refers to the R&D programs with inter-firm co-operation (IV & V points listed above). The modes could be either contractual or through joint ventures. The basic objective behind these methods is to ensure cost-economization and strategic intent. General shortens in R&D dependency The MERIT-CATI list which surveys the trend of R&D dependency establishes the following results 1960s witnessed a relatively low number of such collaborations with a gradual increase towards the end from 10 a year to 30 a year. 1970s continued the 30 a year trend and graduated to 50 a year partnerships process the middle only to increase three-folds to around 160 a year by the decade end. mid-eighties are earmarked for 200 and above inter-firm partnerships in the inception and galloping further to 500 a year gutter its end. The first two years of 1990s slowed down the pace to 350 to 400 alliances a year scarce later rose to 700 odd partnerships only to set off again to 500 per year work the end. Though, there is a slowdown in the late 90s, the number of partnerships, however, is far higher than the level of partnerships trigger off in the early 1960s. These alliances are also circular in nature that when they decrease, they tend to increase cyclically. The famous factor is the number of joi nt venture (JV) collaborations vis-a-vis contractual agreements in such R&D partnerships. In 1960s when there were meager number of R&D partnerships, most of them were entered through JVs. Till the mid of 1970s around 70% of the total agreements were done through the JV highroad and 30% of them were through contracts. However, in the early 80s this range slowed down to 40% loose bigger hand to contractual

Wednesday, April 17, 2019

Boulder Colorado limiting new construction and population growth Essay

Boulder Colorado limiting new construction and state growth - Essay ExampleThe differentiation of being able to lucre and the willingness to pay are vastly poles apart because if a household has the ability to pay then it means that the breadwinner is earning more than the average map worker and is spending less than thirty-five percent (35%) of his or her earnings in paying for the house. Willingness to pay on the other hand means that the household is ready to comply with the payment requirements but thither is no actual proof that the breadwinner has the financial resources to pay the monthly mortgages on the home aside from the coinciding expenses needed for daily living. When these types of scenarios are taken into great consideration, it is without a doubt that urban sprawl is usually weighed down with issues regarding racial and social class discriminations (Wright Realtors). It is typical for urban sprawl to include the development of the suburban outskirts that are most often way pass the city limits. The major setbacks of this include high railcar dependence, insufficient health and cultural facilities, higher per-person/ per capita costs, disorganized street plans, and pollution.

Tuesday, April 16, 2019

Journal Entry Essay Example for Free

Journal Entry EssayThe dexterity of change to become manifested in both man and environment gives each one the opportunity to require meaning in each action and scenario. Such idea can be taken all in a positive or negative manner and is dependent on the mindset and the pertinent impact in can extend to man and the environment. Seeing this, it change is inevitable however it has brought nigh different dimensions in understanding how it influences mans actions or the formation of a scenario. Reflecting on the plant life of Faulkner, Capote and Weschler, one theme may circumvent in their reading change.However their main digression is the way it was addressed and embodied by the characters in the story. I argue that these manifestations are necessarily generated by the choices we constantly manufacture in our life. These in turn affect our environment as a only as we try our best to adhere to the trends and standards of societal life. This in turn results in the transfo rmation of frequent beliefs, values and ideals of an individual to suit such need. Furthermore, it is with these decisions that we gain contentment and satisfaction in our ways.With the different challenges and distractions mishap in our lives today, one may find it difficult to look for the appropriate ways that can make them happy. However, like the character of the old woman in Faulkners story, the path towards this may seem simplex her eyes. For my part, I feel that by removing and distancing myself to these norms, I can get a glimpse of what I indispensableness and generate ideas that can provide satisfaction or contentment on my part. Such can contribute to the creation of meaning as I find ways to answer the questions and issues of my life.

Monday, April 15, 2019

Analyzing Psychological Disorders Essay Example for Free

Analyzing Psychological Disorders EssayA psychiatric or psychological disorder is a disorder of psychological function severe enough to warrant preaching by a psychiatrist or clinical psychologist. Schizophrenia, emotional disorders, foreboding and Tourettes syndrome argon every last(predicate) classified as psychiatric disorders. The distinguishing line between neuropsychological disorders and psychiatric disorders is quite thin. Though the twain types of disorders ar a result of a dysfunctional brain, the malfunctions which create psychiatric disorders remain undefined. Psychiatric disorders atomic number 18 often linked to environmental factors as intimately as dysfunction of the brain. As psychological enquiry advances, treatments and a better understanding of psychiatric disorders comes to bear.The term dementia praecox means a psychic mark or splitting of psychic function. (Pinel, 2007). The NIH National subroutine library of Medicine web site defines schizophre nia as having five different categories catatonic, disorganized, paranoid, residual, and undifferentiated. (NIH National depository library of Medicine, 2008). Each category of the disorder has a particular set of symptoms that is mostly unique to that category of the disorder, just schizophrenia in general creates a psychoneurotic picture of reality which disrupts the persons behavior, logic and emotions. A good example of schizophrenia and the related to dissociative disorders are the movie Sybil or the more recent film A Beautiful Mind, and some other fine example is the television show United States of Tara. Both movies and the Showtime networks serial depict the lives of a person agony with schizophrenia or dissociative disorders.Neu roleptics and antipsychotic drugs are cognize to alleviate symptoms associated with schizophrenia. Clozapine is a type of neuroleptic that does not produce side personal set up equal those associated with Parkinsons disease. The medicati on is known to cause blood disorders. Neuroleptic medication is used to block the dopamine receptors though it takes time for the drug to lessen schizophrenic symptoms. Though neuroleptics help schizophrenics, only certain uncomplainings do win from the relief these drugs can offer. Schizophrenic patients suffering from hallucinations and incoherence react to the medication however schizophrenics suffering from cognitive defects are not affected. The NIH National Library of Medicine web site mentioned atypical antipsychotics have proved to treat symptoms for schizophreniawith few side effects and is the take up option for those suffering with schizophrenia. (NIH National Library of Medicine, 2008).A surgeon in the 1950s and early 1960s used a drug called chlorpromazine on patients to alleviate swelling prior to surgery. The doctor noticed that the medicine acted as a appeasement agent and recommended chlorpromazine to relax unverbalised to control psychotic patients. Chlorpro mazine did not assuage the symptoms of psychosis, but the medicine showed potential for easing some symptoms in schizophrenic patients. During the question process the side effects of chlorpromazine which are symptoms of Parkinsons disease were evident. Researchers concluded that people suffering from Parkinsons disease die from a twinkling level of dopamine. Schizophrenics display a high-level of dopamine. Therefore Parkinsons and Schizophrenia seem to be on the opposition end of the spectrum. A fly the coopthrough emerged in the dopamine theory with Carlsson and Lindqvist.The duo studied the Chlorpromazine in relation to schizophrenia and revised the dopamine theory of schizophrenia. Chlorpromazine was found to block dopamine receptors rather of the original theory of reducing dopamine levels. Therefore, the duo concluded through research that schizophrenia wasnot due to high-levels of dopamine, but with over activity at the dopamine receptors. (Pinel, 2007).Emotional disorde rs are another public figure of a psychiatric disorder. Emotional disorders include bipolar disorder, first gear, and mania. Depression is classified as a call down of unbearable sadness. At some point in a persons life one provide pick up a period of picture due to a tragedy such as loss of a loved one, poor health, or a series of bad luck. However, most people will break through the grip of depression and return to a expression life. Those with depression have a hard time seeing anything in a positive light. Depression ruins relationships at work and in the billet the disease also takes over the person making it difficult to engage in a normal day-to-day routine.Mania is the opposite of depression and is linked to high energy and impulse. A person suffering from mania appears to be full of energy or hopped up on energy drinks like Red-Bull and caffeine they are filled with such enthusiasm, have boundless energy and talk fast. Though it sounds like an especial(a)thing to be constantly in a good spirits there is a negative side to the disorder. Impulsiveness is a part of mania and many suffers act on impulse not idea before they do anything. The end result is unfinished projects, bills that cannot be paid, and relationships ruined. A person who suffers from manic episodes and depression episodes is diagnosed with bipolar disorder.There are two theories created to explain the causes of emotional disorders. According to Pinel (2007), The monoamine theory of depression holds that depression is associated with under-activity at serotonergic and noradrenergic synapses. It is based on the fact that monoamine oxidase inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors, and selective norepinephrinereuptake inhibitors are all agonistsof serotonin, norepinephrine, or both. The second theory is Diathesis-Stress model. The second theory focuses on genetic predispositions of a person as well as environmental factors that influence the d isorder. This means that people who have stress early on will overreact to stressful situations later in life in turn causing depression. (Pinel, 2007).There are four types of medicine used to treat emotional disorders. Iproniazid is a Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor (monoamine oxidase inhibitor) initially used to treat atomic number 65 but failed. On the contrary the patients did not have as many depressive thoughts about the illness. Iproniazid has severe effects when combined with tyramine rich foods. Imipamine is a tricyclic antidepressant which has proven to be more effective than MAOIs. The next medication is Lithium which was shown to alleviate symptoms of mania.The discovery was made when a researcher tested greaseball pigs and the results proved to calm them. Lithium is used as a mood stabilizer in bi-polar patients since it blocks the patient from transitioning between extreme highs and lows. The fourth medicine used more commonly in recent days is selective serotonin-reupta ke inhibitors (SSRIs). The most common of the SSRIs are Prozac, Zoloft and Paxil. The SSRIs are reported to have few side effects and are able to treat multiple disorders. (Pinel, 2007).Anxiety is chronic fear that persists in the absence of any direct threat. (Pinel, 2007). Anxiety is accompanied by fast heartbeat, heavy or difficulty breathing and high blood pressure. There are fivetypes of disturbance disorders including general misgiving, phobias, obsessive compulsiveness, panic, and post traumatic stress disorder. Theories involving anxiety disorders presume the amygdala has a role in anxiety disorders. The brains involvement in anxiety is cloudy at best since each patient tested shows different results. (Pinel, 2007). Benzodiazepines and serotonin agonists are the most effective medications used to charge anxiety. Valium and Librium are two of the most commonly prescribed medications, though they tend to authorise the patient drowsy. The medicine isalso known to be highly addictive and is recommended only for short-term usage.buspirone is a serotonin agonist which relaxes the body and causes sleepiness. (Pinel, 2007). Tourettes syndrome is known for involuntary movements or sounds known as tics. The Cedars-Sinai web site notes that the tics can vary from body movements and vocal tics. The tics can be a brusque as involuntary eye blinking or more noticeable yelling of obscene language or phrases. Little is known as to the cause of Tourettes, however there is speculation that the limbic cortex, tie beam cortex and thalamus are connected to the disorder. (Pinel, 2007). With the cause still a mystery there is no repossess for Tourettes, but though counseling, relaxation therapy and hypnosis healthcare professionals can help treat the disorder. (Cedars-Sinai. 2008).Psychiatric disorders vary in many ways. Schizophrenia affects the brain and causes hallucinations, emotional disorders affect a persons mood in extreme ways, and anxiety causes fear and h ealth issues, while Tourettes causes tics ranging from subtle to severe. Over time psychological advances in research and treatment have been made allowing professionals in the field to effectively treat each disorder.ReferencesCEDARS-SINAI. (2008). Tourettes syndrome. Retrieved June 10, 2009, from http//www.csmc.edu/5540.htmlNIH National Library of Medicine. (2008). Medical Encyclopedia Schizophrenia. Retrieved June 9, 2009, from http//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000928.htmPinel, J. P. J. (2007). Basics of Biopsychology. Boston, MA. Allyn and Bacon.

Hawthornes Motives for Writing the Scarlett Letter Essay Example for Free

Hawthornes Motives for Writing the Scarlett Letter EssayHawthornes motives for committal to writing The Scarlet Letter were to let loose corruption in Puritan society, religion, and politics. Hawthorne demonstrates both corruption and hypocrisy in Puritan society as the townspeople and even the Governor wear her fancywork, yet banish her and ostracize her as an outcast and a overstepner. The town buys her clothes for an unknown reason most likely their own curiosity, its beauty, or they just entangle sorry for her. This shows the societys inability to follow through with their own punishments. They are willing to ostracize her and banish her, scarcely still buy her embroidery. However much they chose to wear her embroidery on most articles of clothing, they refused to wear her embroidery on wedding veils as they were created by her sinful hands, showing the relentless vigor with which society frowned upon her sin (Hawthorne 76).Religion played a major role in Hawthornes wr iting, even though he was non a member of any religious organization. The religion mentioned in The Scarlet Letter was Puritanism and in his writing he intended to expose the power the Puritans used to control the church and state. For example, in the Massachusetts speak Colony, Roger Williams differed with the colonys leaders on the relationship between church and state. The authorizes in the Bay worshiped that the foul error emanating from him could dispel and corrupt the entire colony. In October 1635, the General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony banished him (smithsonianmag.com).Due to the detail that Hawthorne was not a part of any organized religion he was able to criticize religions without the fear of repercussion. Hawthorne also wanted to expose the corruption in religion when he wrote The Scarlet Letter. In the practise House he mentioned that he was a Democrat while the Whigs were in power. Hawthorne also said I had spent three yearsin an unnatural state, doing what was really of no advantage nor delight to any human being (Hawthorne 40). Here he is saying that because he was a Democrat in a Whig society he felt he couldnt speak up and that it was unnatural.

Saturday, April 13, 2019

University Students Do Not Spend Their Free

University Students Do Not Spend Their Free Time Wisely EssayUniversity students do not spend their scanty prison term wisely. Students role atomic number 18 known as the next generations who lead lead the country later. Everything link to them are important for us to put a highlight on. One of the issues that could be a riddle is university students do not use their set free prison term wisely. In my opinion, this statement could be best draw as true based on a few reasons such as no vision, drop of maturity and discipline and also entertainments influence available. One of the most definite reason is that the students himself does not use to determine their specific vision.In this situation, they do not commence a clear target due to the need of career information exposed to them. Regardless to this, they may take programs of study that does not caseful them well instead of not being accepted in any opportunities of studies. Thus for most pack who further in wro ng major, their minds set to not to struggle for the fullest in grabbing superb future undertakings. For either precious second left, they never regret and even appreciate the moment in having quality time for studying. And yet when the results in the hand, they are trying to be in the past to fix back for the first time the vision.Another reason why university students do no spend their free time wisely is they lack of maturity and discipline. Although they aware that time management are based on the level of maturity, yet they frequently fall under the pressure of peers. Supposedly, with their level of maturity, they should know what the best is for them. But in contrast, they used to take up the others when they really should be attending to their studies. Going to university is a major life change and many students omit to adapt to their studying environment successfully due to lack of maturity and discipline.This, in turn has blackball effects in their studies. University years are the most exciting in lots of peoples lives but there are new challenges to face. Furthermore in the technological era nowadays, university students tend to be influenced by the entertainments available. They used to sit in front of computers to online for hours rather than studying. Jump to the worst state, lots of free entertainment exist these days and just needed to sign up with self-identification to access into. Absolutely the students will snatch the opportunities and involved themselves in distraction of obsession.This problem cannot be vanished completely as this behavior is temperament to men in handling the pressure. However, entertainments should not be addicted by the students and distract studies. To sum up, as a student we should realize a very deep meaning of a students role which we have to follow in order to gain success in future. We should bear in mind that we are suppose to generate a great future position to make our country more sophisticated. To do so we have to determine our own vision and mission in life. For the beginning, do manage the time precisely because time is gold.

Friday, April 12, 2019

Purpose of Schools Essay Example for Free

Purpose of Schools EssaySchool is an institutional mechanism that tries to sh atomic number 18 association and/or be an agent for social action. Looking back to the old-fashioned history of tames, some schools of antiquated Israel for example feel that the main purpose of commandment was to produce faithful members of a nation a son who would bring pride to his family and his people and glory to God. In ancient Greece, the school was to produce a productive citizen, wise and mature and Rome followed the example of Greece. However, there are some schools which are tho for education, where basic intimacy is shared based on the age through a planned curriculum. in that location are schools which apart from providing knowledge through planned curricula do bring in social revision through actions. I believe that a school has got to play the role of both i. e. sharing knowledge and also be an agency for social action. An example that can be cited following both is the ancien t Hindu school called gurukul , where apart from knowledge through planned curricula, there are learning sessions on various social norms and values that are normally practiced in the society.The purpose of a school is thus to orient students to socialize by understanding the background, culture and values of that area which would further subjoin to their individual growth and understanding for nurturing good citizens. Apart from this, there is a need for the schools to see to it that students are able to gain proper knowledge which should further help them to able to attain further education and employment.Thus, we can say that the main purpose of schools is to provide education which would enhance the knowledge, skills and attributes of students and make them responsible citizens of the country. scour though schools as educational institutions have their own limitations of access to knowledge, funds to provide the services to students and so forth based on the need and following the goal that the educational institution wants to achieve, teachers have to redesign their article of belief strategies/pedagogy.

Wednesday, April 10, 2019

Hygiene and Food Essay Example for Free

Hygiene and victuals EssayThe sustenance exposit and forage carriage must(prenominal) also align to true minimum standards of hygiene or risk prosecution, extensive fines and take down jail -The intellectual nourishment arrange covers every last(predicate) aspects related to the discussion of solid nutriment and the maintenance of nutrition expound -The act states the role and responsibilities of the environmental wellness military officeholder -Environment wellness officers ar authorised to strike and remove, or pr unconstipatedt the barter of, wholly position if they consider it necessary.They also dedicate an absolute right to visit either forage set forth they remember to be involved with the preparation, retention or intervention of regimen designated for cut-rate sale -If an environmental health officer imposes exposit reports that they argon non hygienic, they suffer apply to the segment of health to issue a clear-cut-up nonice, parliamentary procedure specific repairs or improvements that must be carried issue -If the refreshing up is non carried out to their rejoicing of the environmental health office, then stop order to decision the inaugurate or stay the sale of whatsoever nutriment from that expound. LegislationPurpose (WHY DOES IT equal? )Key FactsLinks to subject (how you could use this in an examen answer) HYGIENE AND FOOD condom Food Act 2003 (NSW) (as amended).The canon covers the areas of intellectual nourishment for human economic consumption and the global requirements which give ensure nutrient sold to the public volition be safe and adequate to work through in NSW-It is an offence to lot contaminated aliment or diet that has been falsely set forth -The nutrition set forth and provender carriage must also conform to accepted minimum standards of hygiene or risk prosecution, considerable fines and nevertheless jail -The food for thought act covers all aspects related to the discussion of food and the maintenance of food premises -The act states the role and responsibilities of the environmental health officer.-Environment health officers are authorised to seize and remove, or stay fresh the sale of, any circumstance if they consider it necessary. They also stick an absolute right to inspect any food premises they see to be involved with the preparation, computer memory or handling of food designated for sale -If an environmental health officer inspects premises reports that they are not hygienic, they discount apply to the department of health to issue a clean-up notice, order of magnitude specific repairs or improvements that must be carried out.-If the clean up is not carried out to their satisfaction of the environmental health office, then can order to close the premise or prevent the sale of any food from that premisesIn your essay if you touch on the key departments of hospitality you can key the Food Act 2003 to uphold to the quality of the food items, the premises that they are cooked in and consequences of not having a copacetic premises to administer the food in which you would take a shit a report from an environmental wellness Officer Food regularisation _______ (NSW) (as amended).This regulation, covers in detail, everything related to the handling of food, the food charabanc, premises, equipment and the transportation of food and food products -construction standards for food premises and food vehicles -Appliances used to handle food for sale to be clean and perpetual and not to be make out of certain materials -Packaging and labelling of food -Protection of food from contamination -Cleanliness and hyginene of persons LegislationPurpose (WHY DOES IT EXIST? )Key FactsLinks to confine (how you could use this in an exam answer) HYGIENE AND FOOD gum elastic Food Act 2003 (NSW) (as amended).The legislation covers the areas of food for human consumption and the general requiremen ts which will ensure food sold to the public will be safe and suitable to eat in NSW-It is an offence to sell contaminated food or food that has been falsely described -The food premises and food handler must also conform to certain minimum standards of hygiene or risk prosecution, considerable fines and even jail -The food act covers all aspects related to the handling of food and the maintenance of food premises -The act states the role and responsibilities of the environmental health officer.-Environment health officers are authorised to seize and remove, or prevent the sale of, any item if they consider it necessary. They also suck in an absolute right to inspect any food premises they believe to be involved with the preparation, storage or handling of food designated for sale -If an environmental health officer inspects premises reports that they are not hygienic, they can apply to the department of health to issue a clean-up notice, ordering specific repairs or improvements t hat must be carried out.-If the clean up is not carried out to their satisfaction of the environmental health office, then can order to close the premise or prevent the sale of any food from that premisesIn your essay if you give ear the key departments of hospitality you can credit entry the Food Act 2003 to refer to the quality of the food items, the premises that they are cooked in and consequences of not having a satisfactory premises to serve the food in which you would have a report from an Environmental wellness Officer Food Regulation _______ (NSW) (as amended).This regulation, covers in detail, everything related to the handling of food, the food handler, premises, equipment and the transportation of food and food products -construction standards for food premises and food vehicles -Appliances used to handle food for sale to be clean and unbroken and not to be made out of certain materials -Packaging and labelling of food -Protection of food from contamination -Cleanline ss and hyginene of persons LegislationPurpose (WHY DOES IT EXIST? )Key FactsLinks to content (how you could use this in an exam answer) HYGIENE AND FOOD SAFETY Food Act 2003 (NSW) (as amended).The legislation covers the areas of food for human consumption and the general requirements which will ensure food sold to the public will be safe and suitable to eat in NSW-It is an offence to sell contaminated food or food that has been falsely described -The food premises and food handler must also conform to certain minimum standards of hygiene or risk prosecution, considerable fines and even jail -The food act covers all aspects related to the handling of food and the maintenance of food premises -The act states the role and responsibilities of the environmental health officer -Environment health officers are authorised to seize and remove, or prevent the sale of, any item if they consider it necessary.They also have an absolute right to inspect any food premises they believe to be involv ed with the preparation, storage or handling of food designated for sale -If an environmental health officer inspects premises reports that they are not hygienic, they can apply to the department of health to issue a clean-up notice, ordering specific repairs or improvements that must be carried out.-If the clean up is not carried out to their satisfaction of the environmental health office, then can order to close the premise or prevent the sale of any food from that premisesIn your essay if you mention the key departments of hospitality you can mention the Food Act 2003 to refer to the quality of the food items, the premises that they are cooked in and consequences of not having a satisfactory premises to serve the food in which you would have a report from an Environmental Health Officer Food Regulation _______ (NSW) (as amended).This regulation, covers in detail, everything related to the handling of food, the food handler, premises, equipment and the transportation of food and food products -construction standards for food premises and food vehicles -Appliances used to handle food for sale to be clean and unbroken and not to be made out of certain materials -Packaging and labelling of food -Protection of food from contamination -Cleanliness and hyginene of persons LegislationPurpose (WHY DOES IT EXIST? )Key FactsLinks to content (how you could use this in an exam answer) HYGIENE AND FOOD SAFETY Food Act 2003 (NSW) (as amended).The legislation covers the areas of food for human consumption and the general requirements which will ensure food sold to the public will be safe and suitable to eat in NSW-It is an offence to sell contaminated food or food that has been falsely described -The food premises and food handler must also conform to certain minimum standards of hygiene or risk prosecution, considerable fines and even jail -The food act covers all aspects related to the handling of food and the maintenance of food premises -The act states the role and re sponsibilities of the environmental health officer -Environment health officers are authorised to seize and remove, or prevent the sale of, any item if they consider it necessary.They also have an absolute right to inspect any food premises they believe to be involved with the preparation, storage or handling of food designated for sale -If an environmental health officer inspects premises reports that they are not hygienic, they can apply to the department of health to issue a clean-up notice, ordering specific repairs or improvements that must be carried out.-If the clean up is not carried out to their satisfaction of the environmental health office, then can order to close the premise or prevent the sale of any food from that premisesIn your essay if you mention the key departments of hospitality you can mention the Food Act 2003 to refer to the quality of the food items, the premises that they are cooked in and consequences of not having a satisfactory premises to serve the food in which you would have a report from an Environmental Health Officer Food Regulation _______ (NSW) (as amended).This regulation, covers in detail, everything related to the handling of food, the food handler, premises, equipment and the transportation of food and food products -construction standards for food premises and food vehicles -Appliances used to handle food for sale to be clean and unbroken and not to be made out of certain materials -Packaging and labelling of food -Protection of food from contamination -Cleanliness and hyginene of persons LegislationPurpose (WHY DOES IT EXIST? )Key FactsLinks to content (how you could use this in an exam answer) HYGIENE AND FOOD SAFETY Food Act 2003 (NSW) (as amended)The legislation covers the areas of food for human consumption and the general requirements which will ensure food sold to the public will be safe and suitable to eat in NSW-It is an offence to sell contaminated food or food that has been falsely described -The food premis es and food handler must also conform to certain minimum standards of hygiene or risk prosecution, considerable fines and even jail -The food act covers all aspects related to the handling of food and the maintenance of food premises -The act states the role and responsibilities of the environmental health officer -Environment health officers are authorised to seize and remove, or prevent the sale of, any item if they consider it necessary.They also have an absolute right to inspect any food premises they believe to be involved with the preparation, storage or handling of food designated for sale -If an environmental health officer inspects premises reports that they are not hygienic, they can apply to the department of health to issue a clean-up notice, ordering specific repairs or improvements that must be carried out.-If the clean up is not carried out to their satisfaction of the environmental health office, then can order to close the premise or prevent the sale of any food fro m that premisesIn your essay if you mention the key departments of hospitality you can mention the Food Act 2003 to refer to the quality of the food items, the premises that they are cooked in and consequences of not having a satisfactory premises to serve the food in which you would have a report from an Environmental Health Officer Food Regulation _______.(NSW) (as amended). This regulation, covers in detail, everything related to the handling of food, the food handler, premises, equipment and the transportation of food and food products -construction standards for food premises and food vehicles -Appliances used to handle food for sale to be clean and unbroken and not to be made out of certain materials -Packaging and labelling of food -Protection of food from contamination -Cleanliness and hyginene of persons LegislationPurpose (WHY DOES IT EXIST? )Key FactsLinks to content (how you could use this in an exam answer) HYGIENE AND FOOD SAFETY Food Act 2003 (NSW) (as amended).The le gislation covers the areas of food for human consumption and the general requirements which will ensure food sold to the public will be safe and suitable to eat in NSW-It is an offence to sell contaminated food or food that has been falsely described -The food premises and food handler must also conform to certain minimum standards of hygiene or risk prosecution, considerable fines and even jail -The food act covers all aspects related to the handling of food and the maintenance of food premises -The act states the role and responsibilities of the environmental health officer -Environment health officers are authorised to seize and remove, or prevent the sale of, any item if they consider it necessary.They also have an absolute right to inspect any food premises they believe to be involved with the preparation, storage or handling of food designated for sale -If an environmental health officer inspects premises reports that they are not hygienic, they can apply to the department of health to issue a clean-up notice, ordering specific repairs or improvements that must be carried out -If the clean up is not carried out to their satisfaction of the environmental health office, then can order to close the premise or prevent the sale of any food from that premises.In your essay if you mention the key departments of hospitality you can mention the Food Act 2003 to refer to the quality of the food items, the premises that they are cooked in and consequences of not having a satisfactory premises to serve the food in which you would have a report from an Environmental Health Officer Food Regulation _______ (NSW) (as amended).This regulation, covers in detail, everything related to the handling of food, the food handler, premises, equipment and the transportation of food and food products -construction standards for food premises and food vehicles -Appliances used to handle food for sale to be clean and unbroken and not to be made out of certain materials -Packaging and labelling of food -Protection of food from contamination -Cleanliness and hyginene of persons LegislationPurpose (WHY DOES IT EXIST? )Key FactsLinks to content (how you could use this in an exam answer) HYGIENE AND FOOD SAFETY Food Act 2003 (NSW) (as amended).The legislation covers the areas of food for human consumption and the general requirements which will ensure food sold to the public will be safe and suitable to eat in NSW-It is an offence to sell contaminated food or food that has been falsely described -The food premises and food handler must also conform to certain minimum standards of hygiene or risk prosecution, considerable fines and even jail -The food act covers all aspects related to the handling of food and the maintenance of food premises -The act states the role and responsibilities of the environmental health officer -Environment health officers are authorised to seize and remove, or prevent the sale of, any item if they consider it necessary.They also have an a bsolute right to inspect any food premises they believe to be involved with the preparation, storage or handling of food designated for sale -If an environmental health officer inspects premises reports that they are not hygienic, they can apply to the department of health to issue a clean-up notice, ordering specific repairs or improvements that must be carried out -If the clean up is not carried out to their satisfaction of the environmental health office, then can order to close the premise or prevent the sale of any food from that premises.In your essay if you mention the key departments of hospitality you can mention the Food Act 2003 to refer to the quality of the food items, the premises that they are cooked in and consequences of not having a satisfactory premises to serve the food in which you would have a report from an Environmental Health Offis which will ensure food sold to the public will be safe and suitable to eat in NSW-It is an offence to sell contaminated food or food that has been falsely described.-The food premises and food handler must also conform to certain minimum standards of hygiene or risk prosecution, considerable fines and even jail -The food act covers all aspects related to the handling of food and the maintenance of food premises -The act states the role and responsibilities of the environmental health officer -Environment health officers are authorised to seize and remove, or prevent the sale of, any item if they consider it necessary.

Tuesday, April 9, 2019

Ownership of Two Contrasting Businesses Essay Example for Free

Ownership of Two secernate Businesses EssayAsda is the second largest retailer in the UK, and it has been the largest subsidiary of the Wal-Mart family of companies since 1999. The UKs supermarket sector has also become more competitive. This compete between retailers in the marketplace helps to keep prices down. It also makes sure that organisations always produce and sell the goods that consumers actually want. Asda is engaged in food, clothes, electronic and furniture selling. Consumers like price competition, as it means they can debase goods at low prices and save money. Asda is a large national company that makes a profit and it is confidential as well. Asda has a limited liability which means that they might lose the money they have invested in a business. This company is an incorporated business and it is also a public limited company. The main aims and objectives of Asda argonTo provide goods and services that is cheap and affordable to consumers to the public, to reduce the costTo recycling their wasteTo supporting automatic servicesOxfam is a small not-for-profit organisation and it is a global company because it operates in countries around the world. It is have by Oxfam Trading Limited Companies and it is in private sector. The main aims and objective of this company areTo precaution third world countries in any way they canTo relieve poverty, distress and sufferingTo recrudesce people about the nature, causes and effects if povertyTo campaign for a fairer worldTo encourage western nations to tag on aid to third world countries.

Sunday, April 7, 2019

Education System Comparison Between Usa and Latvia Essay Example for Free

Education System Comparison Between Usa and Latvia EssayIntroductionEveryone knows that in nowadays there ar many possibilities and ways to l hit, besides in Latvia this is very topical etymon right now. Many of the extravagantly naturalise graduates want to learn a all-embracing. And I do not speak up that this is good, because like about half of the students or people that go to learn abroad, never comes back to the native country. That is why I incur chosen this topical theme. I am going to study preceptal placements in these countries. I am going to poll close to of the 12th label students about what ar they thinking about learning in USA. I want to achieve that kind of position when a student reads my research project and especially the high(prenominal) training in Latvia go bad he changes his look and stays to learn here. My hypodissertation for this Research Work is the precept systems in Latvia and in the USA argon diametrical and this is a reason why people in Latvia choose the USA for studies very a great deal. The station of the Research Work is to comp atomic number 18 the education systems in the USA and in Latvia and to find out core prep aredays students opinion about studies in Latvia and in the USA. The main objectives of the Research Work are To soak up the information about educational system in Latvia To collect the information about educational system in the USA To make a questionnaire and analyze the results of middle groom students opinion about studies in Latvia and in the USAEducational system in USAEducation in the United States is provided principally by government, with control and funding coming from three levels federal, re populace, and local. School attendance is mandatory and nearly universal proposition at the primary and lowly levels. At these levels, school curricula, funding, teaching, and other policies are set th hard-boiled locally elected school boards with jurisdiction over school di stricts. School districts are usually separate from other local jurisdictions, with independent officials and budgets. Educational standards and standardized testing decisions are usually made by state governments. The age for compulsory education vary by state, beginning at the age five to eighter from Decatur and ending at the age of quaternaryteen to eighteen. A growing arrive of states are now requiring school attendance until the age of 18.61.1 PreschoolThere are no mandatory prevalent prekindergarten or crche programs in the United States. The federal government funds the preschool program for children of low-income families, but most families are on their avow with regard to finding a preschool or childcare. In the large cities, there are sometimes upper- secern preschools catering to the children of the wealthy.61.2 Elementary and Secondary EducationSchooling is compulsory for all children in the United States, but the age range for which school attendance is demandd v aries from state to state. about children begin elementary education with kindergarten (usually five to six geezerhood old) and finish secondary education with twelfth outrank (usually eighteen historic period old). In some cases, pupils may be promoted beyond the next fixity patsy. Some states allow students to give-up the ghost school at the age of 1417 with parental permission, earlier finishing high school. Most parents send their children to every a public or private institution. According to government data, one-tenth of students are enrolled in private schools.Approximately 85% of students enter the public schools, largely because they are free (tax burdens by school districts vary from area to area). Most students attend school for around six hours per day, and usually anywhere from 175 to 185 days per family. Most schools have a summer break period for about devil and half months from June through August. This break is much longer than in many other nations. Or iginally, summer vacation, as it is colloquially called, allowed students to participate in the harvest period during the summer. However, this remains largely by tradition.6 Parents may overly choose to educate their own children at al-Qaida 1.7% of children are educated in this manner.1.2.1 Junior high schoolJunior high school is any school intermediate between elementary school and high school. It usually acknowledges seventh and eighth stray, and sometimes sixth or ninth grade. In some locations, junior high school includes ninth grade only, allowing students to adjust to a high school environment. tang school is often used instead of junior high school when demographic factors increase the number of younger students. At this time, students are given more(prenominal) independence as choosing their own classes. Usually, starting in ninth grade, grades become part of a students official transcript. Future employers or colleges may want to see steady improvement in grades an d a good attendance record on the official transcript. Therefore, students are encouraged to take much more responsibility for their education.61.3 Higher educationPost-secondary education in the United States is known as college or university and earthyly consists of four geezerhood of study at an institution of higher learning. There are 4,352* colleges, universities, and junior colleges in the USA. Students traditionally apply to receive admission charge into college, with varying difficulties of appeal. Schools differ in their competitiveness and reputation commonplacely, the most prestigious schools are private, rather than public. Admissions criteria study the rigor and grades earned in high school courses taken, class ranking, and standardized test. Most colleges also read more subjective factors such as a commitment to extracurricular activities, a personal essay, and an interview. dapple numerical factors rarely ever are absolute required values, each college usuall y has a rough threshold below which admission is unlikely.2 *- January 2009. data from www.ed.govOnce admitted, students engage in undergraduate study, which consists of satisfying university and class requirements to achieve a unmarried mans grad in a field of concentration known as a major. The most common method consists of four eld of study leading to a bachelor of humanistic discipline (B.A.), a unmarried man of scientific discipline (B.S.), or sometimes another bachelors horizontal surface such as Bachelor of Fine Arts (B.F.A.), Bachelor of Social Work (B.S.W.), Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng.,) or Bachelor of school of thought (B.Phil.) Five-Year Professional Architecture programs offer the Bachelor of Architecture Degree (B.Arch.) Professional degrees such as law, medicine, pharmacy, and dentistry, are offered as graduate study after earning at to the lowest degree three years of undergraduate discipline or after earning a bachelors degree depending on the program .These nonrecreational fields do not require a specific undergraduate major, though medicine, pharmacy, and dentistry have set prerequisite courses that must be taken before enrollment.2 Some students choose to attend a community college for two years preliminary to further study at another college or university. In most states, community colleges are operated either by a division of the state university or by local special districts subject to steerage from a state agency. Community colleges may award Associate of Arts (AA) or Associate of Science (AS) degree after two years. Those seeking to continue their education may transfer to a four-year college or university. Some community colleges have automatic enrollment agreements with a local four-year college, where the community college provides the archetypical two years of study and the university provides the remaining years of study, sometimes all on one campus.The community college awards the associates degree, and the univ ersity awards the bachelors and know degrees. Graduate study, conducted after obtaining an initial degree and sometimes after several years of sea captain work, leads to a more advanced degree such as a outdos degree, which could be a sweep over of Arts (MA), prevail of Science (MS), Master of Business Administration (MBA), or other less common master copys degrees such as Master of Education (MEd), and Master of Fine Arts (MFA). After surplus years of study and sometimes in conjunction with the completion of a masters degree, students may earn a bear on of Philosophy (Ph.D.) or other doctoral degree, such as Doctor of Arts, Doctor of Education, Doctor of Theology, Doctor of Medicine, Doctor of Pharmacy, Doctor of Physical Therapy, or Doctor of Jurisprudence. Some programs, such as medicine, have formal apprenticeship procedures post-graduation like residency and internship which must be completed after graduation and before one is considered to be fully trained.Other victo r programs like law and business have no formal apprenticeship requirements after graduation.3 Entrance into graduate programs usually depends upon a students undergraduate academician performance or professional experience as well as their score on a standardized entrance exam. Many graduate and law schools do not require experience after earning a bachelors degree to enter their programs however, business school muckledidates are usually required to gain a few years of professional work experience before applying. Only 8.9 % of students ever receive postgraduate degrees, and most, after obtaining their bachelors degree, actuate directly into the workforce.71.4 Basic Curricular StructureGenerally, at the high school level, students take a broad variety of classes without special emphasis in any particular subject. Curricula vary widely in caliber and rigidity. The following subjects are fairly universally required in the United States Science (usually two years minimum, traff ic patternly biology, chemistry and physics) Mathematics (usually two years minimum, normally including algebra, geometry, algebra II, and/or trigonometry) English (usually four years minimum, including literature, humanities, etc.) Social Science (usually three years minimum, including various history, government/economics courses) Physical education (at least one year)Many states require a health course in which students learn about anatomy, nutrition, first aid, sexuality, and birth control. Anti-drug use programs are also usually part of health courses. In many cases, however, options are provided for students to test out or perform independent study in allege to complete this requirement. distant address and some form of art education are also a mandatory part of the curriculum in some schools.6 1.5 Extracurricular activitiesA major characteristic of American schools is the high precedency given to sports, clubs and activities by the community, the parents, the schools and the students themselves. Extracurricular activities are educational activities not falling within the scope of the regular curriculum but under the supervision of the school. These activities can extend to large amounts of time outside the normal school day home-schooled students, however, are not normally allowed to participate. Student participation in sports programs, drill teams, bands, and spirit groups can amount to hours of practices and performances. Most states have organizations which develop rules for competition between groups. These organizations are usually coerce to implement time limits on hours practiced as a prerequisite for participation.Many schools also have non-varsity sports teams, however these are usually afforded less resources and attention. The idea of having sports teams associated with high schools is relatively unique to the United States in comparison with other countries. Sports programs and their related games, especially football and/or basket ball, are major events for American students and for larger schools can be a major source of funds for school districts. High school gymnastic competitions often generate intense interest in the community.Inner city schools serving poor students are heavily scouted by college and even professional coaches, with national attention given to which colleges outstanding high school students choose to attend. State high school championship tournaments football and basketball attract high levels of public interest. In addition to sports, numerous non-athletic extracurricular activities are available in American schools, both public and private. Activities include musical groups, marching bands, student government, school newspapers, science fairs, debate teams, and clubs focused on an academic area or cultural interests.51.6 ElectivesMany high schools offer a wide variety of elected courses, although the availability of such courses depends upon each particular schools financial resourc es and desired curriculum emphases. Common types of electives include optical arts (drawing, sculpture, painting, photography, film) Performing arts (drama, band, chorus, orchestra, dance) Technology education (woodworking, metalworking, automobile repair, robotics) Computers (word processing, programming, graphic design) Athletics (cross country, football, baseball, basketball, track and field, swimming, tennis, gymnastics, water supply polo, soccer, wrestling, cheerleading, volleyball, lacrosse, ice hockey, field hockey, boxing, skiing/snowboarding) Publishing (journalism/student newspaper, yearbook/annual, literary magazine) Foreign languages (Spanish, French are common Chinese, Latin, Greek, German, Italian, Arabic, and Japanese are less common)51.7 Advanced CoursesMany high schools provide Advanced localisation (AP) or International Baccalaureate (IB) courses. These are special forms of honours classes where the curriculum is more challenging and lessons more aggressive ly paced than standard courses. AP or IB courses are usually taken during the 11th or 12th grade of high school.61.8 Home SchoolingThere was 1,3 million children that were home schooled in 2008, up 74% from 1999 when the US Department of Education first started keeping statistics. This was 2.9% of all children. Parents select moral or religious reasons for home schooling their children.11.9 School gradesAs you can see in the table (Table N.1), in the U.S. the first year of compulsory schooling begins with children at the age of five or six. Children are then placed in year groups known as grades, beginning with first grade and culminating in twelfth grade. Typical ages and grade groupings in public and private schools may be found through the U.S. Department of Education. Many different variations exist across the country.2 For more foreseen scheme of education in USA see Appendix N.1.1.10 equalisation subdueIn schools in the United States children are continually assessed through out the school year by their teachers, and report cards are issued to parents at varying intervals. Generally the scores for individual assignments and tests are save for each student in a grade book, along with the maximum number of points for each assignment. At any time, the total number of points for a student when divided by the total number of affirmable points produces a percent grade which can be translated to a letter grade. Letter grades are often used on report cards at the end of a marking period, although the current grade may be available at other times. Although grading outperforms usually differ from school to school, the grade scale which seems to be most common is as follows. The grading is based on a scale of 0-100 or a percentile. Note that in some jurisdictions the D grade (or that below 70) is considered a helplessness grade. In other jurisdictions a D grade is considered passing in certain classes, and failing in others. If you need a concept of grading sc ale, see Table N.2.6 Table N.2 Example grading scale in USAE,N,U or F D C B A - + - arodpamatskola vocational underlying school 9-year education may be 2 no incomplete arodvidusskola vocational secondary school9-year education 3 no arodgimnazija vocational gymnasium 9-year education 4 yes arodskola vocational school world(a) secondary education 1-2 no (postsecondary) As it is seen from table (Table N.4), just one type of vocational schools four year vocational gymnasium concurrently to vocational training provide general secondary education and, consequently, access to higher education.102.8 Access to Higher EducationIn principle, access to higher education is general for all holders of general secondary education certificates. However, the institutions of higher education are free to determine which of the elective subjects must have been taken by the applicant at the secondary school in order to become eligible for admission to a chosen program. There are no f ixed all-Latvian rules determine the admission system and it may differ between different institutions and even between different faculties of the very(prenominal) institution of higher education. The main forms of admission procedure may be as follows 1 to 4 competitive entrance examinations a competition of diplomas plus an interview by the Admission board, which may include general questions in subjects important to the chosen specialty just a competition of diplomas (usually judging by the marks in subjects important to the chosen program and/or average mark in the secondary school certificate) knowledge of Latvian language is evaluated in these cases when the applicant has not had Latvian as the language of instruction in secondary school. An admission board consisting of staff members is formed in all higher educational institutions to carry out admission procedures in accordance with conditions announced at least 5 months before.92.9 Higher Education2.9.1 Academic higher education (Akadmisk augstk izgltba) is understood as a general higher education based upon fundamental and/or applied science. Academic education can be (and in most cases is) divided into two stages. A student has to perform a thesis of a Research Work at the end of each stage. I. First degreeAn academic degree and a Bachelor diploma (Bakalaura grds) can be awarded after successive completion of the first stage. Bachelor degree is an intermediate degree and can be do by as a completed higher education only in these cases when duration of program is 4+ years. However, part of the students leave universities having a bachelors degree and find their gap in the labor market. II. Second degreeAcademic master degree (Maistra grds) and the appropriate diploma is awarded after the second stage of academic education and should be treated as a complete university-type higher education. Master degree or a degree homogeneous to it (e.g. medical studies are of a level of masters degree but na me of masters degree is not applicable) can be awarded after total duration of 5-7 years of university studies. Master degree (or equivalent) is required for admission to doctoral studies. III. Higher degreesThere are two of doctoral degrees in LatviaDegree of Ph.D. (Doktora grds)Holders of masters degree are eligible for doctoral studies and the holders of Ph.D. is expected to be achieved in a 3-4 year period of full-time doctoral studies after a public defense of doctoral thesis. After defense of habilitation thesis you are awarded with a degree of habilitated doctor (habilitts doktors).Doctoral degrees are awarded by specialized councils promotion council (promocijas padome) awarding the degree doktors only habilitation council (habilitcijas padome) awarding both doctoral degrees. The regulations for awarding of doctoral degrees are set and the promotion and habilitation councils are appointed by Latvian Science Council (Latvijas Zintnes Padome). 2.9.2 Higher professional educ ation (Profesionla augstak izgltba) is a higher education based upon applied science. It provides knowledge and skills for professional activities.Acquirement of the programs of professional studies can take place independently of academic studies, concurrently to or after them. Non-university type higher education institutions offer higher professional education programs leading directly to professional susceptibilitys. To be treated as a completed higher education, the duration of professional studies has to be not less than 4 years. University-type higher education institutions may offer 1-2 year programs leading to professional qualification after achieving bachelor degree (bakalaurs).8

Managing in a Global Economy Essay Example for Free

Managing in a Global Economy EssayHollister Co. is an Ameri outho subroutine lifestyle brand by Abercrombie foulmart Co. The companionship was launched by July, 2000. It is headquarter at New Alb all, Ohio. Till 2012, Hollister already has 571 stores in the ground Appendix 1. Like its p atomic number 18nt gild, Hollister sells nonchalant appargonl which include knit placeers, tanks , graphic tees, polo shirt, plaid, classic, sweaters, hoodies, outwear, jeans, pants shorts, skirts, dresses, sweatpants, and yoga and the accessories which include totes, belts, socks, and fragrance. The concept was origin all(prenominal) in ally designed to get out consumers aged 1418, at a lower price than the kick upstairs brand with its California-style invigo enjoin image and casual wear. Goods be available in-store and through the ships federations online store. It was ranked as the assist near preferred c splithing brand of US teens on a long list of actual West lantern slid e companies in 2008 by Piper Jaffray. (Hollister official website, 2012) According to Abercrombie Fitchs latest 10-k form, Hollisters discharge gross sales in 2011 and 2010 atomic number 18 $2,022,002,000 and $1,552,814,000, separately. at that place is 30% increase of net sales from 2010 to 2011. Based on the data, we jakes figure out that Hollisters net sales atomic number 18 near cardinal clock to its parent company.Foreign Markets Expanding MotivationThe motivations for Hollister to expand in hostile grocery stores will be defined as two categories. First of all, Abercrombie Fitch wants to get rid of its lower sales in U.S market and illuminate profit from outside working out. Abercrombie began to launch its expansion object outside the USA since 2007, drive at to the lowest degree in part by a weakening of its domestic market. For the quarter ended July 28, Abercrombie reported a profit was dropped by nformer(a) 52%. According to media reports, more than 13 5 of its Ameri git stores cede been unlikeable since 2010 and in that location will be 180 closures in the following year. However, based on Abercrombie Fitchs 10-k form, the net sales of inter republical stores are increased steadily. The company consequently has mellowed hopes for the European and Asiatic markets, where its expansion is being pushed prior. (WSJ, 2012) Hollister, as unrivalled of its subsidiaries, plays a crucial role in the expansion plan because it has dependable performance with high net sales and large numbers of shop.An separate reason for Abercrombie Fitch is Asia apparel market is victuals shape growing. Asias musical mode and apparel market will continue to grow at a healthy clip through 2011-2015. The reason why we condense on Asia orbit is because as forecast last year, clothing solicit in Asia is higher than the demand in horse opera Europe and North America in 2011 Appendix 2. Many economists predict that demand will be driven by ri sing personal disposable income levels and an increased snap on fashion apparel, especially in the main cities. Said by Carrie Yu. As we known, umpteen outside apparel brands are already toast in Asia, and they will spread steadily. Here we name a figure to register the market demand development in different Asia countries Appendix 3. afterwards analysis the data and gross domestic product per person at acquire- originator parity Appendix 4, we choose deuce-ace countries-japan, capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of Singapore and Hong Kong-that are good for Hollister to expand in.Three Study Countries Singapore, japan and Hong Kong lacquerOur startle prime(a) is japan. Here we have two reasons to support our idea. First of all, it goes without saying that Japan is one of the most possible countries in A sia. For years, Japan has been Asias richest and most powerful economy. It was the first Asiatic economy to industrialize, and the emergent Asian tigersHong Kong, Singapore, South Korea. There are three advantages for Japan to become a good expansion area. Firstly, the economy of Japan is the third largest subject field economy in the homo after the United States and the pecks commonwealth of mainland China and is the worlds second largest create economy (Oced library, 2010).According to the International Monetary Fund, the spheres per capita GDP was at $34,739 or the 25th highest in 2011. Besides, according to Wipo imaginativenesss, Japan is the worlds 3rd largest automobile manufacturing solid ground, has the largest electronics goods perseverance, and is often ranked among the worlds most innovative countries leading several measures of world(prenominal) patent filings. Summing up all these data, we can figure out that Japan is a growing market.StrengthThe strength for Japan is it got the high acquire power. According to Appendix 5, the GNI of Japan is 45180 US horse in 2011, while GNI of US is 48450. However, it doesnt mean that the purchasing power of Nipponese is lower than America citizen. The consumer spend is enormously high in Japan. Spending is an crucial role of consumers. Consumer spending plays a significantly economic factor since it usually coincides with the everyplaceall consumer bodied trust in a nations economy. High consumer confidence indicators usually relate to higher levels of consumer spending in the economic market.Consumer confidence provides regimes and coursees with an analysis on consumer perception. ( frugalsHelp, 2011) From CIA factbook, we can figure out that Japanese is the third country which got higher purchasing power parity toward to Asia area, besides China and India. Moreover, The Japanese are very loyal to foreign reputable fashion brands much(prenominal) as Louis Vuitton and Gucci. The sales of these companies have been growing steadily with support from young consumers. As a appurtenant of Abercrombie Fitch, Hollister must play a leading role in fashion trends if we focus on marketing promotion.WeaknessThe main weakness for Japan divided by two parts. Obviously, the first weakness is the unpredicted geography phenomenon. Everybody knows that Japanese assembly line have got a tough clipping by tsunami and earthquake in recently years. These two disasters are having large negative economic effects on Japan since it is a study role in global supply chain and as a producer of final products. Based on this fact, we think Japan is non a good take aim to round up facility in order to produce clothes. Second of all, According to Reuters (2011), Japans new brass faces a dilemma over how to keep its campaign promises while reining in huge debt, a flimsy economy that could slip suffer into recession, and strains in ties with close security ally the United States. Thusl y, we think Japan will non be an appropriate country because it got un lasting political risk.OpportunityNo double that Japan is the core of fashion in Asia area. It is famous by its creativity and design toward to the whole world. As a result, as an apparel company, Japanese market has potential opportunity to be entered. According to Japanese fashion market report (2011), here we have two advantages to prove that Japan is a country mount of fashion. 1. Japan is a critical fashionable country because it holds some fashion events annually. Thusly, Japanese consumers are sensitive to trend cycles in the multinational fashion market because there are so many brands enter into Japan market every year. 2. They are significantly influenced by Fashion Magazines. Although technology is developed these years, magazine is however playing an important role in Japanese teenagers life, like Mina, Rays, Vivi and etc. So if Hollister invest in Japan, focvictimization on magazine will be a g ood choice for this company when they doing marketing promotion.ThreatEverything has two sides. Since Japanese fashion market is full of opportunity, it is besides extremely competitive. According to Imported Luxury Brands Market in Japan Key Research Findings 2011, imported stackedness brands market in 2010 is estimated at 831.4 billion yen, 92.9 % of the size in previous year. This data means that there are many companies already in the market. The number of competitors in Japan is huge. According to Appendix 6, 24% market is have by US brands. After doing research, we known that Hollisters main competitors, Gap and American eagle outfitters, have already entered Japanese market. Whats more, even though they are owned by the alike company, Abercrombie Fitch, probably an different biggest competitor, entered Japanese market since 2009. Appendix 7 In a conclusion, although Japan got higher purchasing power and fashion opportunity, it is still non an appropriate country to be entered because of the political risk and high contender.SingaporeSingapore is located in southeastern Asia at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula the city- declare of Singapore consists of a main island and some 60 islets. The country has a population of 4,740,737 in which the capital and major(ip) cities occupy 3,654,103 mint according to the data last year. Although the country seems not as large as many other countries, Singapores gross domestic product was $326.8 billion and its per capita GDP of 61,103.36 US dollars in 2011 estimates is comparable to that of leading western sandwich sandwich European nations, and its high standard of living and strong look at links have secured its position as one of ASEANs leaders (Global thoroughfare Warrior, 2012).Strengths1) Outstanding revenue system.When Japan cuts its corporate appraise rate this Sunday, the U.S. will have worlds highest tax rate on vexation income. The following chart has visualizen the data. (Figure Sour ce Isidore (2012), CNNMoney)However, Singapores corporate income tax rate is low which in a flat of 17% since 2010. It is often cited as the leading example of countries to reduce corporate income tax place and introduce various tax incentives to attract and keep global investings. Since January 1, 2003, Singapore has adopted a sensation-tier corporate income tax system, which means there is no double-taxation for stakeholders. Tax paid by a company on its chargeable income is the final tax and all dividends paid by a company to its shareholders are exempt from further taxation (Janus, 2012). Two of Singapores unique advantages are its low in effect(p) personal and corporate tax rates. Personal income tax has a tier system that starts from just 0% and goes up to 20% for income preceding(prenominal) $320,000. Similarly, effective corporate tax rate for Singapore private curb companies for profits up to $300, 000 is 8.5% and cap at a flat rate of 17% for profits above $300, 000 (Janus, 2012).Whats more, there are no dividend or capital gains taxes in Singapore. 2) High purchasing power.The GDP per Capita, in Singapore, when adjusted by Purchasing Power Parity is alike to 278 percent of the worlds come. Consumer Spending in Singapore increased to 27,485.40 in May of 2012 from 27,467.20 in February of 2012. Historically, from 1975 until 2012, Singapore Consumer Spending averaged 12,752.67 r apieceing an all while high of 27,485.40 in May of 2012 and a scan low of 3,553.90 in February of 1975 (Trading Economics, 2012). 3) Exchange rate labour party cost.The USDSGD spot exchange rate depreciated 0.0194 or 1.56 percent during the last 30 years. According to Janus (2012), The Singapore dollar has been consistently appreciating against major currencies. It also got some $260 billion based on average exchange rates or $252 billion based on year-end silver rates last year.Historically, from 1980 until 2012, Singapore task Costs averaged 96.00 reaching an all time high of 129.93 in February of 2009 and a record low of 57.37 in May of 1980. These data are all lower than Hong Kong and Japans (Trading Economics, 2012). 4) governmental stability.Singapore is rated No.1 as the most politically stable country in Asia (Janus, 2012). 5) face is main verbiage.Singapore has a 10-year compulsory education course of study commencing at the age of 7 years. English is the first language and the medium of instruction in schools (Global road right smart Warrior, 2012). This means almost 100 percent of People in Singapore speak and understand English swell up, which would bring much easier communication for Hollister to enter into the country, especially to the communication within the counselling level of Singaporean while doing line of credit. 6) Quick and casual registration.It only takes about 1-2 days to incorporate a company in Singapore, with the government providing assistance along the way (Janus, 2012). As the easiest place to do b usiness in the world, Singapore company registration is a quick and easy process, which involves just two procedures that can be stainless online within 24 hours for a retail outlet. A Singapore subsidiary can be altogether owned by a foreign company and is considered a separate legal entity from the parent company. Also, a Singapore subsidiary is generally treated as a topical anesthetic resident company and therefore is entitled to tax benefits available to local companies (Janus, 2012).Weakness1) If you want to set up a throttle liability company (LLC), there are two conditions that are required it must have two agents acting on its behalf in the country and one of them must be a Singapore resident, a native Singaporean, or someone who has a Singapore employment pass. 2) Singapore is among the most expensive in the world, as the cost of living here is very high. 3) Hollister has to hire Singapore resident and qualified Singapore auditors to do the business figureings to wor k with government.Opportunities1) Singapore is one of the worlds famous shop paradises. Its primaeval business district has a lot of upscale shopping square from the latest fashion clothes, jewelry, watches, perfume, cosmetics to the sports goods and free-and-easy necessities etc. Singapores retail sector has done well in 2010 and well into this year on the back of the tourism sectors robust performance and in spite of a slowing economy in recent months. According to the latest retail sales index released by the Singapore Department of Statistics, Singapores retail sales excluding automobiles increased 7.4% year-on-year in August 2011(Janus, 2012). Hollister, as the subsidiary brand under Abercrombie Fitch, has very large opportunity to get benefits from opening retail stores in the country. 2) Singapore is also ranked the No. 1 in tourism so there is the potential to do business.ThreatsFashion is a highly competitive industry worldwide, but Asia stands out for its stylish and p racticable design. Although Hollister is also a very famous American brand under AF, it still faces strong competition from Asiatic fashion. Since Singapore emerges as global fashion apparel hub with large amounts of upscale shopping squares, the opportunity to open shops in this fashionable country could also become a big threat.Hong KongHong Kong is a Chinese special administrative arena situated in eastern Asia, with a 455-mile coastline on the South China Sea and a 19-mile border with China. Hong Kongs population is 95 percent Chinese, with the majority coming from contiguous Guangdong province or within Hong Kong itself. The population was about 7,122,508 in 2011. Cantonese and English are the two official languages. Hong Kongs free-market economy was vulnerable to the global economic crisis of 2008, but its increasing integration with China helped it to pronto recover (Global Road Warrior, 2012). The GDP in Hong Kong was value 243.67 billion US dollars in 2011, which rough ly equivalent to 0.39 percent of the world economy (Trading Economics, 2012).Strengths1) Well located.Hong Kong is located at the heart of Asia, alongside many of the regions most exciting business market such as Guangzhou, Taipei, Manila, and Bangkok etc. And it is the penetration to Mainland China. 2) Free trade port.Easy government policies for foreign fashion brands. Hong Kong is known for its free port status and easy customs procedures. Duty is paid on very few products. 3) Tax-friendly economies.Hong Kongs profit tax is capped at 16.5 percent according to the 2011 study, and there are no capital gains and dividends taxes (InvestHK, 2012).Weakness1) Most of good locations have already occupied by large local fashion chains or early entering foreign fashion brands. 2) After the global monetary crisis in 2008, the economies of Hong Kong still need to recover. 3) Hong Kong has the low GDP in 2011 compared to Singapore and Japan.Opportunities1) There are large fashion-hungry po pulation in the Hong Kong market, especially many raft from Mainland China love to go shopping in Hong Kong. 2) Some foreign retailers are palmy in the Hong Kong retail market. In addition, Abercrombie Fitch was prepared entering into the country, which would in a sense lay a good foundation to its subsidiary, Hollister.Threats1) Competition with Many local fashion brands, such as GIORDANO, BALENO, Bossini, Esprit and so on. And what is worsening is that these local brands all offer very cheap prices. 2) Many other foreign fashion competitors Hong Kong shopping malls are creating space for Swedish brand Monki and U.S brands Gap, Forever 21 and American eagle. Others like HM, Zara, mango and Japanese brand Uniqlo have already established outlets in the city (Thondup and Tsang, n.d.). After reviewing the strength, weakness, opportunity, and weakness in the three countries, we chose to expand business into Singapore. We strongly recommend Hollister Co. to invest in Singapore where i s a stable and strong economic, and a low risk country in political change.SingaporeMarketingSingapore is an island country. The land area is 714.3 Square kilometers. The population in 2011 is 5,260,000. The population density in 2011 is 7,257 per Square kilometers. Shenton personal manner is the fourth largest financial center, the adjacent Keppel port is one of the worlds busiest ports. According to Singapores economic social system, the manufacturing sector accounted for 25%, the twirl industry accounted for 5%, wholesale and retail trade accounted for 16%, transportation and telecommunications accounted for 11%, the financial run industry accounted for 12%, business services accounted for 12%, the hotel and catering industry accounts for 3%, the other accounts for 16%. imputable to it is a small country, shopping is considered a kind of sport in Singapore. The government decoy up a lot of plans on developing their shopping market. For one thing, many shopping malls almost p er square mile are located in Singapore. Orchard Road, one of the famous shopping streets, is a 2.2 km long street and it is a retail and entertainment centre in Singapore. Orchard Road also contains a large number of high-end restaurants, coffee chain, nightclubs and hotels.There are many famous twist and variety of retail store as well as there is large number of luxurious products with well-known brand. Theres practically a shopping sale of sorts all year unit of ammunition in Singapore, with the most notable one being the outstanding Singapore Sale. On the other hand, its a year-round shopping paradise. You only need to take a walk down Singapores iconic shopping districts to begin out whats in store for you. The best time to regard is during its annual eight-week Great Singapore Sale, when all kinds of discounts and deals pop up island-wide from late May through July. Great Singapore Sale 2012 will be held for 8 weeks from Friday, 25 May 2012 to Sunday, 22 July 2012. The G reat Singapore Sale 2012 has been timed to coincide with the peak travel seasons to enable visitors to enjoy the fantastic deals all around.During the Great Singapore Sale 2012, you can enjoy up to 70% discount for everything on sale, anywhere in Singapore. From posh shopping centres in Marina Bay and Orchard to small stores in the suburbs, you will find fabulous deals for clothes, gadgets, beauty treatments, spa, attractions, and even food (Great Singapore Sale, 2012) Furthermore, Singapore set large variety shopping malls to meet the different requirement of various groups. The ethnic shopping enclaves in Singapore include slight India and Chinatown both are tourist attractions in their own right, steeped in ethnic colors and flavors. (Singapore Shopping Madness, Yong Shu Hoong)For instance, Chinatown in general offers authentic Chinese products including tea, herbs, medicines, foodstuffs, silks, cheongsams, handicrafts, household items and antiques. Finally, Singapore duty fr ee shopping prices at all three terminals are competitive with most places in Asia. The slippery greenback means rates are displace constantly. Pick up a 50ml Dior jadore eau de toilette for around S$96 (US$76), Chanel Alure electronic data processing 50ml at S$112 (US$89). (Singapore Shopping Madness, Yong Shu Hoong) Human mental imagery ManagementHuman Resources Management PracticeDue to the explosive growth of the Asian economies over the past two decades, considerable attention has been focused on the human resource management (HRM) consecrates of Asian businesses. Cultural diversity of work haul in modern business constitutions against the backdrop of globalization has attracted the attention of many researchers and analysts. By the 21st century, Singapore has developed into advanced and high-income economies, specializing in areas of competitive advantage. As one of the four olive-sized dragons in Asia, Singapore can be an interest subject to study and it is also importan t for MNCs to understand Singapores advantages and wrongs of its human resources management practice. Hollister Co. is an American lifestyle brand by AF Corporation.The concept was at a lower price point than the parent brand through its SoCal-inspired image and casual wear. Hollister Co. could take some advantages of Singapores human resources management practice to expand its business in Singapore. According to a demographic survey, as of 2011, the population of Singapore is 5.18 million people, of whom 3.25 million (63%) are citizens while the rest (37%) are permanent residents or foreign workers. The government is considering capping these workers, although it is recognized that they are crucial to the countrys economy, as foreign workers make up 80% of the construction industry and up to 50% in the service industry. (Building and Construction Authority, April 2011) Singapore is a multicultural country with a majority population of Chinese (74 percent), with substantial Malay ( 13 percent) and Indian minorities (9.2 percent). The country has four official languages consisting of Mandarin, Malay, Tamil and English.English is the main working language and is the mandatory first language in all schools in Singapore. Most Singapores Chinese derived from southern China, especially in Fujian, Guangdong and Hainan, of which 40 percent is Fujian, the followed is Chaoshan, Cantonese, Hakka, Hainan and Fuzhou. To developing human resource management practice for Hollister Co., we should understand Singapores basic Human Resource Management (HRM). Hollister Co. is categorise as a service business while Singapore is a country which work delineates are highly cogitate to services sectors. In addition, considering the characteristics of Singapores location, demography and other fields, its human resources is consisted of Western and Asian vaunts. We will focus on Singapores HRM style and features of work rives to develop the human resources management practice for Ho llister.Human Resources Management StyleLeadership and the Workforce in Singapore is a survey that evaluated by the Singapore Human Resources Institute. Data were obtained from 192 respondents who were engaged in a wide variety of Singaporean industries. A total of 68 per cent of the respondents are HRM practitioners. Many of the respondents are supervisors reporting to senior management such as CEOs and managing directors. (Chart 1) each the data shows that globalization has had its impact on Singapore in a much more pronounced way. Singapore has been reputed for very advanced HRM practices both at the national and the international levels. In addition, Singapore has been especially known for its international HRM practices in a small city state. On the other hand, Singapore didnt focus on manufacturing it is a city state with a greater focus on financial services and other services instead, such as banking and insurance.Moreover, Singapore has a convertible diversity market-gar dening of shopping centers manned by equally culturally versatile men. (Malikanrs, 2010) Singaporean enhances on performance record and job experiences, appropriate training and seniority when considering promoting its employees. Singapore has no set patterns of recruitment for either the compliance level or middle level positions due to affecting by the Western model. However, Hofstede (1984) found that the national culture of Singapore is high in power distance. In high power distance cultures, superiors and subordinates treat each other as unequal. Singapore is also called a nanny state in which people are supposed to do exactly what they are told. The mixed unique feature of national culture therefore makes Singapores HRM practices more complicated.Hiring and RetentionThe unemployment rate in Singapore was last reported at 2 percent in the second quarter of 2012. Historically, from 1992 until 2012, Singapore Unemployment station averaged 2.4 Percent reaching an all time hig h of 4.8 Percent in September of 2003 and a record low of 1.3 Percent in September of 1997. The employment rate for older residents made good progress. A record 61.2% of residents aged 55 to 64 were working in 2011, up from 59.0% a year ago. The employment rate for both males (from 75.0% to 76.4%) and females (from 43.4% to 46.3%) in this age group rose to new highs in 2011. Singapores workforce is inherently diverse due to their multi-racial community. Employees from different generations, gender, nationalities and cultures often work together in the same geological formation. It is therefore important for disposals to put in place policies and practices to build an inclusive and harmonious workplace. A diverse workforce that is well-managed can bring about wear out business performance and higher employee engagement.Training and advancementThe improvement in educational visibility of older residents was another contributing factor as the better educated were more likely to par ticipate in the labor market than those less educated. The educational profile of the labor force continued to improve, as the better educated younger residents enter the labor force and the relatively less educated older cohorts retire progressively. The share of degree holders in the labor force almost doubled from 15% in 1999 to 28% in 2010. Conversely, the lower educated labor force from 36% to 22% over the same period. (Chart 2)CompensationChart 3, 4, and 5 in appendix show the average salary, turnover rate, and worked hours of Singaporeans. The average salary for Singaporean to work 46.3 hours per week is around Singapore $ 4,000(about $ 3,000). The average over-time work hour is 3.7 hours a week. (Employment Situation in Fourth Quarter 2010, 2011)Ideal Human Resource ManagementFirst of all, we would like to talk about language dexterity. As mentioned above, English is the official language in Singapore. In addition, Singaporeans have high level of education and language skil ls in average. Therefore, the company can hire local employee without worrying about language barrier. Furthermore, well analyze workforce. Due to the mixed unique feature of national culture, Singapores workforce is inherently diverse. Employees from different generations, gender, nationalities and cultures often work together in the same organization. On the one hand, it is easy to train and educate new employees to understand Hollisters organizational cultures and requirements. On the other hand, Hollister Co. also has to understand the mixed unique feature of national culture. With the aging of population, Singapore government also encourage foreigner to go there and look for a job. In the meanwhile, Singapore advocates foreign enterprise producing products which is suitable for the elderly.This is another opportunity for Hollister Co. to expand their business in Singapore. Finally, well talk about hiring, training, retention, promotion and salary. The unemployment rate in Sing apore is very low, the educational background of workforce is becoming higher and higher, the low labor turnover and high level of wage show the Singaporeans are likely skill oriented workforces. The average monthly wage in Singapore is around 4,000 Singapore dollars which equals $3,000. It is a little bit lower than the average income that American household makes. (How much does the average American make break of serve down the us household income numbers, 2011) Because Hollister Co. does not have to pay so much money for workforce training, we suggest Hollister Co. offer a somewhat high wage than the current clothing stores in Singapore and use bonus to motivate employees.Political and Legal EnvironmentLegal EnvironmentThe Republic of Singapore has a legal system largely based on the British Westminster model, where the power to govern and dish up the country is divided between the Executive, the Legislature and the Judiciary. Ranked by the World Banks report, Doing Business 20 07 How to Reform as the most accommodating country to do business in the world, Singapore is a strategic and honest base for foreign investors to invest in the emerging Asian markets. (Overview of the Legal Environment of Singapore, RSM Chio Lim) Singapore is well known as the Switzerland of Asia. With a population of approximately 5 million people, Singapore has an astounding 90% literacy rate, and over 85% of inhabitants have a secondary or higher education. The country has almost nada crime, zero corruption and no drug problem. (Singapore Incorporation Advantages) (International rankings of Singapore, Wikipedia)Political environmentPro-business environment angiotensin converting enzyme of characteristics in Singapore is its pro-business environment. It means that Singapore has an environment that is favorable for foreign investments and can attract many foreign entrepreneurs. Furthermore, it is easy for investors to set up businesses and make higher profits. Compared to other c ountries, investors only have to take 1-2 days and they can incorporate a company in Singapore. Because of pro-business environment, Singapore has become one of favorite countries for investment (Singapore Incorporation Advantages, 2012).Financial assistanceIn order to help start-up companies to gain funding, the Singapore government agencies set up several financial assistance schemes to let start-ups gain access to funding to turn their business ideas into reality. Moreover, Singapore government sets up many private sectors to help investors improve efficiency strengthen capabilities of their company (Singapore Incorporation Advantages, 2012).Great tax systemFor a starting business, taxes cost is always a carousel priority. One of features in Singapore is its low effective personal and corporate tax rates. For the personal income tax, Singapore government is based on personal income to design a tier system that starts from 3.5% to 20%. For corporate tax, Singapore private limited companies for profits up to SGD 300,000 is below 9% and capped at 18% for profits above SGD 300,000.(Singapore Incorporation Advantages) After 2010, corporate income tax rate will decrease from 18% to 17% in Singapore. Furthermore, there is no capital gain tax. It represents that Singapore government uses a single -tier tax policy. This policy is that when the income has been taxed at the corporate level, companies can give shareholders dividends for tax free (Singapore Incorporation Advantages).Political systemsSingapore government has an open military strength and its vision is broad to the whole world. Its political system is using a rational, pro-business way to enact laws, decide priorities and sets regulations. For example, there is almost no restriction on foreign investment including manufacturing and service activities. Any business is supported by political infra anatomical structure and given uttermost encouragement from the government. This support is an important way to let businesses grow and prosper (Singapore Incorporation Advantages). In addition, the in-migration policy is open and flexible in Singapore. It assists the relocation of foreign investors to set up businesses here. If a business entrepreneur of necessity to run his business or and hire foreign professionals, the government can make appropriate Singapore work visa provisions to meet his needs and wants (Singapore Incorporation Advantages).Free trade agreementsFree Trade Agreements is a significant system in Singapore. It means that most products can be imported without barrier. Businesses can enjoy many benefits including tariff concessions, preferential access to certain sectors, faster entry into markets and Intellectual Property protection. Moreover, Free Trade Agreement is a way to connect Singapore to their calling partners such as United States, Europe, China, Hong Kong and, Japan (Singapore Incorporation Advantages, 2012).(Singapore Incorporation Advantages, 2012)High Qu ality of LifeOne of reasons why many investors set up their business and relocate to Singapore is the quality of life. Singapore is in a convenient location and provides a great public and private transportation, a safe and well-defined environment to live. It also offers an outstanding support system for businesses. Singapore is suitable for work and living.(Singapore Incorporation Advantages, 2012)Economic and Financial EnvironmentIn fact, the economic situation in Singapore is very strong and stable, because the attitude of government is open-minded and this country is anti-corrupt. The economic growth is also steady. Singapore is one of countries in the world that has the largest per capital Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is equal to the total expenditures for all final goods and services produced by a country in a period of time and measures national income and output for a countrys economy. According to the World Bank, the Gross Domestic Produc t (GDP) in Singapore was worth 239.70 billion US dollars in 2011. The GDP value of Singapore is roughly equivalent to 0.39 percent of the world economy. Historically, from 1960 until 2011, Singapore GDP averaged 51.8 billion USD reaching an all time high of 239.7 billion USD in celestial latitude of 2011 and a record low of 0.7 billion USD in December of 1960 (Trading Economics, 2012).(Trading Economics, 2012)The annual growth rate in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures the increase in value of the goods and services produced by an economy over the period of a year. It considers a full year of economic activity and avoids the need to make any type of seasonal adjustment. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Singapore expanded 2.00 percent in the second quarter of 2012 over the same quarter of the previous year. From 2007 until 2012, Singapore GDP annual growth rate averaged 5.1 percent reaching an all-time high of 19.8 percent in June of 2010 (Trading Economics, 2012).(Trading Econ omics, 2012)Singapore exchange rate is range from $1.30 to $1.50 for the last 10 years. It is kind of stable. Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) manages the exchange rate of the Singapore dollar. Investors can transfer silver in and out of Singapore freely in any currency. Furthermore, Singapore government bond has very good rating. Standard Poors (SP) in August 2011 gave it AAA and Moodys gave it Aaa in 2008. According to China Post, Singapore banking system is rank croak four in the world. When other country have problem with financial crisis, most of Singapore banks were rated B by Moody. We have to realize more about Singapores banking system for doing business.Banking System property and CheckIn Singapore, for foreigners or tourists, it is very convenient to bring their own currency and exchange from market to airport. Foreign currency banknotes and travelers taking into custodys can also be changed easily at most banks. In addition, ATM link to global banking networks c an be found everywhere. Foreigners or tourists can pay for most things by using a credit card in Singapore. (Singapore Banking System, 2012) Singapore banks issue checks that can be processed electronically. Writing check can only use black and blue inks. If a person only wants to deposit and does not cash the check, he has to draw two parallel diagonal lines in the upper left corner. If he crosses out or bearer, to the right of the payee line the check can only be deposited into the account of the named payee. When a person deposits check, he has to write his name, account number and telephone number on the back of the check. (Singapore Banking System, 2012)ATM-Automated Teller MachineATM machines for local banks are everywhere in the Singapore. In fact, all of the Singapore local banks and some of the international banks such as Citibank, HSBC and Standard Chartered have issued ATM cards. It considers that foreigners and investors have to withdraw money immediately in a place. Ho wever, there are not many branches and ATMs in the international banks. Here is a limitation and daily withdraw amount from ATM cannot exceed SGD$3,000. (Singapore Banking System, 2012)Cash FlowBecause using check will take time to clear the bank, companies have to take that into devotion for their cash flow. There is a well-established banking system with three major local banks that offer a full service of consumer banking in Singapore. It includes ATMs, telephone banking and internet banking. In addition, besides local banks, some international banks in Singapore are doing the same business. Recently, those international banks have been allowed to set up branches and 15 ATMs. (Singapore Banking System, 2012) explanation StandardsSingapore history standards are followed the International Accounting Standards and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) issued by the International Accounting Standards Board. Financial Reporting Standards (FRS) is accounting standards in Singapore. All companies with financial period starting on or after January 1, 2003 have to comply with Financial Reporting Standards (FRS) (Introduction to Accounting Standards in Singapore, 2012). One of the main principals of Singapore accounting standards is accrual-based accounting. It is the same as United Stated General Accepted Accounting Principle (GAPP). under(a) accrual basis, the revenue and expenses are recognized and recorded in the period when they occur but not receive or pay cash.They are recorded in the accounting records and reported in the financial statements in a period of time. The function of preparing financial statements on the accrual basis is to inform users not only of past transactions including the payment and receipt of cash, but also of duties to pay cash and funds that have received in the future (Introduction to Accounting Standards in Singapore, 2012). Actually, there are contains about 39 different standards with each standard named as FRS X in Singapores accounting system. For example, FRS 1 represents Financial Statement, FRS 2 represents inventories and FRS 18 means revenues. In addition, each standard involves a specific topic like presentation of financial statements, recognition of revenue, accounting for inventories, and so on. (Introduction to Accounting Standards in Singapore, 2012)Cultural of SingaporeIn Hofstedes theory, there are five dimensions of culture, which are power distance, individualism, masculinity/femininity, uncertainty avoidance, and long-term orientation. The five dimensions are used to make a eminence between country and country. The nightspot of Singapore is basically consisting of Chinese people. Around 77% of Singaporeans are Chinese. Therefore, the culture of Chinese does influence Singapore a lots. For example, the Buddhist-Shinto societies have an additional dimension which is long-term orientation (Geert Hofstede, 2011). Singapore Five Dimensions Culture Asian Countries Dimension Cult ure http//www.geert-hofstede.com/hofstede_singapore.shtml (Geert Hofsted Cultural Dimensions-Singapore, 2011)Power distanceWith Chinese population, Singaporeans are affected by Confucian thinking and values, so they adhere to a stratified relationship in their society. They believe that their society is composed of people who are in different standing and unequal relationship. The differences in standing are the signal for people to evaluate each other. The lower standing people should vigilance what a superior says. In addition, junior and less experienced people are evaluate to keep their opinions in their hearts. This kind of high power distance has been characterized in Asian society for at least two thousand years (Geert Hofstede, 2011).IndividualismIn an individualistic society, we can find the relationship of people is loose. The United States is the most individualistic society, but Singapore is ranked 53th out of 66 countries (ClearlyCulture, 2009). In Singapore or other Asian societies, children are raised to stay with the family. Children are educated to be a part of the group and stay in the group when they are infants. Children are taught to be dependent on the group, to make decisions which benefit the group, to support the group, and to produce the honor of the group. The group can be family, school, or company. All of the decisions which are made by the elders for the children are common. After the Singaporean children become adults, they are not expected to cut off the former relationship (Geert Hofstede, 2011).MasculinityA high score on this dimension means competition can drive this society to success. Traditional Chinese culture is a usual masculinity. Singapore has almost 77 percent of populations are Chinese. Children are always taught to compete with other people in the school. Singapore is in the almost middle of the scale but a little on the feminine side. That means that there are still some softer aspects of culture like levelin g with others and munificence for loser in Singapore (Geert Hofstede, 2011).Uncertainty avoidanceComparing with other countries in the world, Singapore is a country with low degree of uncertainty avoidance. Singaporean comply with their rules because their high PDI. That is why Singapore is a Fine country (Geert Hofstede, 2011). Because Singaporeans are indirect and implicit in their communications, they will not publicly use the word no likewise, their yes does not usually mean assent (Kwintessential, 2011). Unlike other Asian cultures, the western cultures also affect Singapores culture. Therefore, the degree of facing uncertainty avoidance is lower than other Asian countries.Long-term orientationThe short-term orientation is related to truth and the long-term orientation is related to virtue. Singapores cultural qualities show the perseverance and sustained efforts support the long term investments. People believe that the truth depends a lot on situation and time in a society w ith a long-term orientation (Geert Hofstede, 2011). Doing business in Singapore, the relationship with other people is very important especially you must respect the elders. Also, you must be more patient because the organization will show their purpose which is for long-term profit, not short-term gains (Kwintessential, 2011).Organizational StructureAn organizational structure is setting the company into different levels, including person and work, so each person needs to perform and accomplish the company goals (Chapman, 2008). There are two types of organizational structures which are flat organization and hierarchical organization. A flat organization is an organization which is few or no levels between managers and employees. The advantage of a flat organization is top management contact directly with the staff level employees. Middle managements are eliminated, so it can also reduce the organizations budget costs. In this structure, the communication between managers and emplo yees would be improved and the organization is fast to respond to consumers and market conditions.The disadvantage of a flat organization is difficult to maintain when the organization grows bigger. A hierarchical organization is the layout of a pyramid. Every employee obeys someone else in this organization. The advantage of a hierarchical organization is the management can control closely. Also, the role and responsibility of each employee are distinguished clearly. The disadvantage of this organization is the decisions will be difficult to make because the organization is consisted of a multilayer management. It costs a lot to maintain a multilayer management and the communication would be slow from the bottom to the top (Colette).Hollister Co. is a subsidiary company of Abercrombie Fitch, so the management chart of the Hollister is the same with Abercrombie Fitch. The following table is Hollisters organizational structure. In this table, we can consider Hollister is a hierarch ical organization. An Executive VP or senior VP head all major business processes of the company. The CEO at the top, EVP/SVP on the second, EVP/SVP on the third and SVP on the fourth level are four basic layers at senior management.This hierarchical structure makes Hollisters management make decisions apace and let employees in each group understand their roles and responsibility clearly. On the other hand, there are still some disadvantages, which are high costs and many layers of communications, in this structure. For example, the SVP of Supply chain needs to go through two management layers in order to reach the CEO of Hollister. The hierarchical structure delays the communications between management and employees. A hierarchical structure costs a lot to maintain for Hollister. Hence, in a recession, Hollister might restructure to reduce costs and improve communication.Source http//www.cogmap.com/chart/abercrombie-fitch-co (2010)Hollister still can use its hierarchical structur e into its international markets such as Singapore. Singapore is an open country and there is no limitation in Singapore, so Hollister can use any types of organizational structure they want. If Hollister use the hierarchical structure successfully in its home country and in other international markets, Hollister should use the same structure when they expand to Singapore. Singapore is also a hierarchical structure country because its high power distance.Hollisters International Expansion StrategiesAfter review Hollister Co. and Singapore cultures and structures, we put forward three strategies which Hollister can use to expand its business to Singapore by exporting, licensing or wholly owned affiliates. Exporting is the first way the company can expand into a new market. By exporting, Hollister does not need to invest in Singapore and can test Singapores market. The disadvantages of exporting are Hollister has to suffer tariff and non-tariff barriers, high transportation costs and depend on foreign importers for product distribution. The second strategy is Hollister can give a license of its design to a Singapore Apparel Company. This way Hollister can earn profit without investing and suffering tariff and non-tariff barriers. The disadvantage of licensing its design, Hollister might be subjected to the local apparel company becomes its competitor.Hollister also cannot control the quality of products which the licensee produces, so Hollisters brand or theme is on risk. The third strategy is that Hollister can expand to Singapores market by itself. Hollister can choose a place where there will be a lot of people, including domestic residents and tourists, to visit such as CentrePoint, the most popular mall in Singapore. The advantages of expanding itself are that Hollister can have collar control and receive all of the profits. The disadvantages of expanding itself are the high costs and the greater loss if it fails.RecommendationAfter review three strategie s, we recommend Hollister to expand itself in Singapore. Hollister has enough capital to invest into Singapore because it has a powerful backing, Abercrombie and Fitch. This way Hollister can keep their quality of products and have complete control. Hollister can test the market and the market condition by opening the first in Singapore. In order to be success, the most important things are that Hollister needs to learn Singapores culture and establish the relationship with the consumers and suppliers. Hollister can adapt to the Singapores culture and consumer taste by reviewing a quarter of sales. After its sales grow stably, Hollister should continue to open more stores in Singapore.