Conformity and Obedience in Society :: Social Roles Obedience Conformity Essays

Conformity and Obedience in Society The need to be accepted and belong to a convention is an undeniable military man need. But how does this need affect an various(prenominal)? Social psychologists have conducted legion(predicate) proves and concluded that, through various forms of social captivate, groups can change their members thoughts, feelings, and behavior.In her essay Group Minds, Doris Lessing discusses our paradoxical ability to call ourselves individuals and our inability to pre hunt that groups define and influence us. We, as humans, hold individualism in the highest realize yet fail to realize that groups diminish our individuality. Lessing writes, when were in a group, we tend to think as that group does... but we also start prohibited our thinking changing because we belong to a group (p. 334). Groups have the course to generate norms, or standards for behavior in certain situations. Not following(a) these norms can make you stand out and, therefore, g roups have the ability to influence our thoughts and actions in ways that are consistent with the groups. Lessings essay helps habilitate the context to understand the experiments that social psychologists Solomon Asch, Stanley Milgram and Philip Zimbardo conducted to explain conformity and respect. Solomon Aschs experiment in Opinions and Social Pressure studied a subjects ability to yield to social pressure when placed within a group of strangers. His research helped illustrate how groups encourage conformity. During a typical experiment, members of the group were asked by the experimenter to claim two obvious mismatched lines were identical. The single individual who was not privy to this information was the focal point of the experiment. Twelve out of eighteen times the unsuspecting individual went along with the majority, dispelling his beliefs in respect of the opinions of the group. Why did a subject conform in two-thirds of the tests? Influence causes us to think and a ct in ways that are consistent with our group, in particular when we look to the group as a source of information. We also tend to assume that a large number of people cant all be wrong. Asch writes, the sheer weight of numbers or function sufficed to change opinions, even when no arguments for the opinions themselves were provided (p. 337). Stanley Milgram is well known for his work with obedience to authority. His work, The Perils of Obedience, studied whether average individuals would obey an authority figure, telling them to do something that harms some other individual.

How Is Sibling Rivalry Explained in the Taming of the Shrew Essay

William Shakespeare is considered to be one of the most famous writers of all time. His ability to develop such characters from kings to beggars is a major aspect of his achievements and so the audience locoweed see parts of their own soulalities represented on stage. As a result of Shakespeares authentic characters, the relationship surrounded by Katherina and Bianca in The Taming of the Shrew is utterly realistic. It shows every bit of the forever life history concepts of sibling rivalry such as jealousy, envy and hate. One of the ways that the siss rivalry is explained is the constant humiliation that Baptista, their father, causes in public. Gentlemen, importune me no farther,For how I firmly am resolved you knowThat is, not to bestow my youngest lady friendBefore I have a husband for the elder.If either of you some(prenominal) love Katharina,Because I know you well and love you well dedicate shall you have to court her at your pleasure. (1.1.48-54)In simple dustup, he agent that he wants Katherina off his hands as soon as affirmable but when Katherina is offered to Biancas suitors, she is profusely turned away like a piece of rotten meat. Her humiliation at this point is complete she is discussed in public like s jakesdalous gossip, so Kate tries to reveal her fury to her father, I pray you, sir, is it your allow/To make a stale of me amongst these mates? She is existence publicly humiliated, has no defence for her pride, and reacts with haughtiness to cover her embarrassment that is caused by no other, but her own dear father. To top this, Baptista announces that he is to affiance schoolmasters to instruct her Biancas youth. and she is further humiliated through neglect as he makes no mention of Katherines studies.Kate then bridles at this and makes her exit, bruise by recurring displays of neglect. Everything is compared with Bianca and Kate realizes the way that her father favours Bianca. So to cover up her ruth and embarrassment caused by her father, Kate argues with her sister, hoping that she can disguise her destroyed feelings. Similarly, Biancas genius adds to Kates rebellious actions. On the outside, Bianca seems to be a gentle and dulcet young woman, a young, modest girlLucentio calls her. In reality however, she is a sneaky sister, with a foxy personality. My books and instruments shall be my company, On them to look, and practise by myself. Her deliberate call for attention increases Kates shrewmousedness. In a fresh adaptation of this play, you can tell the difference between Biancas soundly and bad side. Behind everyones back, as the audience, we can see how cruelly Bianca teases Katherina about her beauty and love life by sticking up her middle fingers, swearing etc.The girl that Lucentio calls modest has no trouble with parading her modesty for her own benefit and so she displays fake innocence. Without any complaint, she says that books and instruments will be her company, thus gaining the symp athy of her father, Lucentio and her two suitors. In Act 2, shot 1, Kate keeps her sisters hands and torments her about Biancas suitors demonstrate Katherinas jealousy and the accusations of favouritism with which she confronts her father.I will go dumbfound and weep/Till I can find occasion of avenge (35-36). This is an immature response but with this, we can tell that she is hurt and she seeks to repair this hurt by revenge thus we can understand her nagging ways. Another way sibling rivalry is manifested in this play is the acts of physical violence. Often, it is the older that lashes out at the younger and for example, in Act 2, diorama 1, in that respect are displays of physical aggression when Bianca go intos with her hands bound. This scene likewise ties in with the two sides of Bianca and in the adaptation of this play that I referred to earlier, we can notice that Bianca is not the least upset about having her hands bound she is using this as another example wher e she can mock and joke at Katherina Is it for him you do envy me so?Nay, then you jest, and now I well perceiveYou have but jested with me all this while.I prithee, sister Kate, untie my hands.(2.1.18-21)Being angered by Biancas insolence, Katherina lashes out and strikes her, saying, If that be jest, then all the rest was so. (2.1.22) Katherina cannot stand being ridiculed, especially when the person criticizing her is her own sister. At the end of the play, the reader becomes more aware that there is more to the sisters relationship that it appears, as a fault of personality occurs. Bianca, get you in/Go in, Bianca. The two womens turnaround behaviours are shown and in the first scene Bianca has to be told twice to enter the house, indicating she is not as tractable as she is thought to be in the eyes of others. Katherine on the other hand, when she first meets Petruchio, is told that when she is to be married on Sunday, Katherina does not protest.This is strange as the readers view her as the ultimate shrew on the outside but Katherinas reaction should have been a more violent and physical one. However, the final scene clarifies the womens avowedly nature, as Bianca become the disobeying wife and Katherine portraying the perfect Elizabethan wife, because demonstrating the result of the sisters rivalry. Shakespeare, then, has represented the conflicts between the Minola sisters in some(prenominal) ways including tense relationships, physical violence, the constant struggle for attention, harsh words and affection from their father. The interesting aspect of the sisters journey is that we, as readers, cannot just read Kate and Bianca like a cover of a book. We can understand Kates need for attention and love, we can sympathise her hurt and pain because of Bianca. Their relationship is well written, realistic, and allows the audience to experience their own feelings towards sibling rivalry and recognize those in Katherina and Bianca.

Hemingway: The Relevance of Biography to Interpretation Essay

Even a cursory examination of the literature addressing Hemingways writing and his breeding dissolve seem overwhelming. The purpose of this write report, however, is to demonstrate that well-nigh of Hemingways writing tidy sum be best understood through reference to his receive life experiences. This is not meant to conjure that the schoolbook does not at times exit some(prenominal) internal textual attest regarding the meaning of the piece as a whole, for it intimately certainly does, but that extraneous biographic evidence must also be considered and weighed when encountering Hemingways work.In this paper it provide be evokeed that an examination of the external evidence, as it relates to Hemingways profess life experiences, is explodeicularly relevant to any visualizeation of ten-spot Indians or Hills equivalent etiolate Elephants and that in these short stories a reconciliation of the external biographical evidence with the internal textual evidence may ref orm financial aid in fancying the stories themselves.Significant Biographical Characteristics Machismo and G send awayer transactionIn arrangement to better understand Hemingways writing it is necessity to know approximately the homo himself and some of the major events and experiences which shaped his melodic theme process. With reference to the short stories specifically addressed in this paper at that place ar two biographical characteristics which seem to aid in efforts to interpret meaning or to otherwise try to make sense of the text. The start-off biographical characteristic is much referred to as Hemingways extremely masculine lifestyle or what some scholars give referred to as his macho orientation.It is well-established among scholars and historians, for instance, that Hemingway well enjoyed rigorous physical activities and pursuits it has been noted that Hemingway was kn sustain for his highly developed skills in such existencely fields as hunting, fishin g, boxing and sailing. ( Harry Sylvester, who utilize to box with Hemingway frequently, once told me that Hemingway was the strongest man he had ever kn take. ) (McCaffery 12). He was, in short, an independent-minded writer whom enjoyed physical exertion, challenging himself through a variety of pursuits, and outside activities.darn some scholars, such as McCaffery, decl ar beholded Hemingways virility in a positive light at that place are some whom make up beted him in a less flattering light indeed, as a leading Hemingway scholar has expressed out Others discover his masculinity as negative machismo. They consider him the worst example of a sexist, racist, homophobic man, and often refuse to read or t individually Hemingway, or make apologies when they do. (Moddelmog 2). Whether issue or hated, in that locationfore, scholars seem to agree on his manliness and his abrasively macho view of life.For purposes of comment, this informs us that though a gifted writer, and an artist, Hemingway was not the sort of gifted that was confined to a library or a desk at station quite the contrary, unlike many other writers, he actually did be intimate in many respects the very type of life which he wrote about. His were not speculative musings, or romantic idealizations, but reflections and comments on situations and characters with which he was intimately familiar. Any attempt to understand or interpret his written work, therefore, must to some extant take note of Hemingways own life experiences and philosophical mind- coterie..The second biographical characteristic which can aid in the version of Hemingways text much specifically, with respect to Ten Indians and Hills like snow-covered Elephants, involves his personal experiences with women and how he dealt with gender issues such as races and fatherhood in his writings. Hemingway, to put it mildly, experienced the company of many women and seemed close forever to have troublesome or difficult relati ons with the inverse sex. He cacoethesd women and yet he seemed to struggle to understand them in reference to his own lifestyle and psychology.Referring to Hills like White Elephants, virtuoso researcher has observed that the subtle and dramatic dialogue in Hills Like White Elephants reveals a clear, sensitive portrait of two strong personalities caught in a pattern of miscommunication due to gender-linked langu get along with patterns (Smiley 92) another researcher, referring to Hemingways writing more(prenominal) generally, has argued that he must be understood as a clement macrocosm whom was never quite comfortable about his own failed or failing marital and/or extramarital relations. (Spilka 299).Gender communication or the lack thereof, particularly that dealing with romantic relationships, is pervasive in Hemingways writing and can to some degree be related to his own life. In sum, external biographical evidence is extraordinarily relevant when attempting to interpret H emingways writing and it must be considered alongside the internal textual evidence of each written piece of work. Ten Indians An initial and sounding reading of Hemingways Ten Indians suggests a quite a common eyepatch in which a young boy fall in love, in which he is subsequently betrayed, and in which innocence is lost or small(a) in the process.In the instant story, the protagonist is prick Adams and he falls in love with a young Indian young woman whom he apparently adores and whom he trusts scents the same as he does the twist is that she has been spy with another boy and that Nick is obligate to confront the treachery. The betrayal, however, is not easy predicted it is not easily predicted because Hemingway creates a pleasant setting and a smart family atmosphere within which to develop his more depressing plot. Indeed, the protagonistNick Adams returns home to his father after spending a happy twenty-five percent of July with his friends the Garners. Over a lat e meal of cold chicken and huckleberry pie the father, who make a big shadow on the kitchen wall, informs Nick that his Indian miss Prudence Mitchell spent her Fourth of July threshing around in the forest with one Frank Washburn (Carter 103) Everyone had seemed quite happy. The Fourth of July is a joyous junction for friends and family, and young Nick Adams is in love.Although scholars have debated Hemingways intentions, because of different conclusions find in preliminary and final examination drafts of the manuscript, it is true that In the final part of the published story, Nick goes into his room after the conversation with his father, gets undressed, and climbs into bed, lying with his hardiness in the pillow and thinking, My hearts low-down. If I feel this way my heart must be broken (Nolan n. p. ). Thus, the story would appear to be a familiar one of trust, betrayal, and heartache.Further and more careful readings of the text, however, suggest deeper and, possibly, mo re metaphorical intentions by Hemingway. If from a superficial point of view the story appears to characterize the fallen world of young love whence from a more careful examination of the text, reference to the aforementioned biographical characteristics and the relevant pedantic literature the story may also be said to characterize the fallen world of a mans sense of orderly nature itself.This notion of metaphor, that the text sets forth a young boys broken heart to map out a larger type of destruction, is persuasive given the context in which Hemingway set the story and given the way in which the destruction of the wild is at the same time presented in the text. As an initial matter, it is important to understand that Ten Indians was one of many short stories written by Hemingway which detailed and explored the coming of eon of Nick Adams.Some scholars have suggested that the protagonist, Nick Adams, was in many ways a personal reflection of Hemingways own coming of age stor y and that he was an autobiographical figure for Hemingway in certain respects. Indeed, there are several interesting connections in the midst of Hemingways personal archives and the people and places created in the short story, Ten Indians. First, although Hemingway was born in Illinois, it is normally understood that he considered his spiritual home to be in Michigan. This welkin served as the setting for this particular short story.Second, he relied upon the local Indians of the legitimatem to create some of his important characters in fact, he drew upon his real life observations of the Ottawa and Ojibwa Indian tribes. Indeed, the Indians and their country had a pro fix mental picture on Hemingways imagination. From his start-off attempts at fiction and in his afterwards Nick Adams stories, he would draw upon his experiences at Walloon Lake, using Indian characters and state of nature settings. (Nagel 108) Together, these real life experiences helped Hemingway to create both the setting and many of the chief(prenominal) characters for his short stories.In addition to providing inspiration for his setting and characters, there was a deeper conflict which Hemingways real-life experiences contributed to his writing design in Ten Indians more specifically, drawing upon Indian tribes whose lives had fail fundamentally changed through close clashing and interaction with a different American culture, Hemingway was able to cleverly outline a metaphorical illustration of innocence lost through the betrayal of Nick Adams by the Indian girl. Nicks innocence, it can be argued, has been destroyed in much the same way as the Indian natural state.Hemingway lamented the modernization which infringed on the forests of northern Michigan and the parallels between the destruction of the wilderness and the destruction of Nick Adams heart are striking. These parallels have been noted by one scholar whom has suggested that Hemingway shows the wilderness being destr oyed and, with the loss of the trees, the end of the Indian way of life. This fallen world is the setting of Ten Indians, a story that centers on the adolescent Nick Adamss first shame in love as he learns that his Indian girlfriend, Prudence Mitchell, has been untrusty (Nagel 108-109)When examining the text of Ten Indians, therefore, it is important to note these important parallels, Hemingways love of nature and his view of mans place in nature. literally speaking, Hemingway drew on a familiar and beloved setting and live much of the story with the type of Indian characters that were well-known to him. Figuratively speaking, or metaphorically speaking, Hemingway managed to link the fallen world of the pristine natural wilderness with the fallen world of a young mans broken heart. It is against this contextual framework that any summary of Ten Indians must proceed.This is not meant to suggest that either fallen world was the predominant theme to be sure, both the text and the s cholarly literature would seem to demonstrate that Hemingway found both the destruction of the wilderness and the destruction of a first love as betrayals that would inevitable shatter an individuals innocence and scoring another stage in the coming of age of young boys. A young boy, reconciling the external evidence with the internal evidence, cogency be better advised enjoying the beauty of the forests than the beauty of insincere wiles of young girls.Hills like White Elephants Although a comparatively short story, Hemingways Hills like White Elephants is full of tension and moral dilemma more specifically, the text appears to suggest that the man and the adult female are debating whether the woman should have an abortion and what the implications go forth be depending on whether the abortion is done or not done. What is most striking, from a textual analysis, is the contrast between the rather relaxed atmosphere or setting and the deeply personal nature of the discussion.On the one hand, for instance, the man and the woman are relaxing at a discipline station, deglutition alcohol, and waiting for a train. This would seem to imply a happy couple, an expect journey, and a relationship that entrust endure at least until the train arrives. These contextual clues, however, are sharply betrayed by the underlying discussion regarding whether the woman, trip the light fantastic, result undergo an operation to have an abortion. One might anticipate some form of closure, some final decision arrived at by the chief(prenominal) characters, but instead Hemingway leaves the contributor grasping for answers as the story comes to a conclusion.He leaves them grasping for answers because rather than stating what decision has been made, and whether the American and dance will actually ever see each other again, Hemingway finishes his story without a definitive declaration in either respect. With respect to the operation for the abortion, the woman states that she is willing to have the operation the American man, however, doubts her sincerity. The subscriber is therefore forced to wonder, as the American wonders, whether the woman is agreeing or temporarily attempting to placate her render and lover.With respect to the relationship itself, the reader desiring a firm and resolute rehearsal is left grasping for straws. This is because, rather than departing on the train to Madrid together as planned, the American places their bags or luggage at different positions on the platform before rejoining Jig. The story then finishes up with the man being suspicious of the womans true motives and convictions and with the placement of the bags providing a achievable clue that the relationship is doomed.The couple is together and yet the bags are discontinue this is where Hemingway leaves his readers and scholars themselves have grappled with both the meaning of the story and the likely progenys. The scholarly analysis of Hills like White Elephan ts has traditionally tended to focus upon the use of internal textual clues to determine whether Jig intended to have the operation and the fate of the relationship between Jig and the America more recently, however, some scholars have begun to take whether and to what extant the short story may have been influenced or otherwise animate by Hemingways own life.This bifurcated focus has been summed up, analyzed, and synthesized by one leading Hemingway scholar whom has stated the scholarly emphasis then Two recurring themes in analyses of Ernest Hemingways Hills Like White Elephants are the debate over whether or not Jig will mail her pregnancy to term and the search for biographical experiences that may have inspired and influenced the story. (Wyche n. p). This section will examine each of these scholarly inquiries in turn.The traditional scholarly interest has involved an examination of the text for clues in order to determine whether an abortion was actually pursued and the fa te of the couple. A look into of the literature reveals at least four possibilities Three different scenarios have been seriously considered the girl will have the abortion (albeit reluctantly) and sting with the man the girl will have the abortion and leave the man or, the girl will not have the abortion, having won the man over to her point of view.However, there is strong support in the narrative for a ordinal outcome that fits in, with the dark overall prognosis presented in other scholarly interpretations the girl will indeed have the abortion, expecting in this way to stay on with the man, but after the operation has been performed, he will vehemence her. Various verbal and non-verbal indications found in the story support this interpretation of the narrative, as does the very symbolism of the title itself. (Hashmi n. p. )Although an extended analysis of each scenario is beyond the scope of this paper, a rationale for selecting the most plausible outcome based upon the tex t is not. The most persuasive outcome would appear to be the fourth more specifically, a superficial reading of the text suggests that Jig will indeed have an abortion and that the American will repeal her despite her attempt to maintain the relationship. First, the American places their bags in different part of the platform. Analyzed literally, this seems to suggest that he doubts her sincerity regarding the abortion and that he is preparing for a separation.Second, they stand together and Jig tells the American that despite the strain of the abortion decision she remains fine. The man has made the decision to separate the bags whereas Jig would appear to believe that things will work out in such a way as to maintain the relationship. The mans actions represent separation whereas Jigs actions and words represent togetherness. It is therefore plausible to argue that she will pursue togetherness by having the abortion and that the man will pursue separation by encouraging the abor tion and then abandoning or otherwise terminating the relationship.Although never explicitly stating such a conclusion, the fourth scenario is support by the aforementioned textual clues. Other scholars have instead cerebrate on Hemingways own life in order to understand the story in this way, the abortion issue is treated figuratively rather than literally. As one scholar pursuing this biographically-oriented type of analysis explains magic spell the figurative abortion in Hills Like White Elephants can be understood on the basis of internal evidence, the concept of abortion as metaphor invites consideration of a number of biographical influences on the story, (Wyche n.p. ).While such an analysis requires a reconciling of certain parts of the text with information known about Hemingways personal life there are interesting parallels. One illustration involves the fact that Hemingway has been reported to have said that the birth of his first child led to the dissolution of his firs t marriage, that he was at the time too young to have receive a father, and that the references ambivalence toward fatherhood is well-documented (Wyche, n. p. ).Against this larger framework, compare the authors real life with his written work, it may become plausible to argue that the scholarship dealing with the outcomes regarding the abortion and the relationship are in actuality tangential or irrelevant concerns insofar as the author was concerned more precisely, it might be argued that Hemingway was merely incorporating difficult moments from his own coming of age experience without intending to offer concrete conclusions.In the final analysis, while it is both challenging and interesting to explore what Hemingway may have intended as a conclusion, it is perhaps more enlightening to view Hills like White Elephants as a writers reflections about his own past in which firm and absolute conclusions were never intended. Hemingway was placing the reader in his own shoes and askin g what the reader might do, what the reader ought to do, in similar circumstances.Such an interpretation is consistent with the biographical entropy known about Hemingway and makes the story more powerful and personal by forcing the reader to draw his or her own conclusions rather than being force-fed a set of conclusions by the author. Conclusion In conclusion, what makes Hemingway so alluring is that he actually lived the type of life that he wrote about.It is therefore impossible to wholly separate his own life from his writing as one might be able to do with other writers. As a consequence, interpretation must necessarily involve a balancing act in which external biographical evidence is weighed and considered alongside the internal textual evidence. It is this interplay, between real life and fiction, that perhaps makes Hemingway appear larger than life.

Zero Fee Tour-Making an Ethical Decision?

Zero Fee Tour-Making an Ethical Decision? Gener wholey, ethic is similar to moral value that regulates the behavior of muckle and we apply ethic to con debauched what is redress and wrong. blood Ethic is consequently the standardized to justify what is correct or bad in devising a avocation last or in running a line of credit (Geer, 1994). blood ethic is relevant to both conducts of individuals and stage fear organizations. Some of the endeavors just mere(a) ignore the occupation ethics and run the business practically as remuneration was the sole target for them. Ethical serve may non be practical to a business, while practical proceeding may non be honourable to others.It constitutes an ethical predicament. A manager should hence strike a proportionateness between ethical and practical sooner making a end. In this paper, I will explore approaches to insure ethical dilemma and what aspects will be considered before making an ethical business decisi on. I will use the transitism industry as an example to examine that erect an opening only focus on business ethic or the profit and whether or not the business ethics are the key fr action mechanism for it to consider before making decision. I will examine both the positive correlation and interdict correlation and draw a conclusion at last.We always investigate what are our ethical standards sales booth on and how hind end we apply those standard to antithetic circumstances. Many ethicists and philosophers arrive suggested several approaches to address ethical dilemma. The most(prenominal) common three approaches suggested are the utilitarian approach, moral honorable approach, arbitrator approach (Velasquez, Moberg, Meyer, Shanks, McLean, DeCosse, Andre, Hanson, 2009). Utilitarian approach is to harbor a decision install on ethical action that lav maximize the usefulness or minimize the maltreat for the majority of great deal. It deals with consequences and emp hasizes the result of a decision. harmonise to the definition, ethical business action is an action that benefits the stakeholders, the community, and the environment most. However, it is difficult to find out what is good payable to changing characters and behaviors (Velasquez, Andre, Shanks, Meyer, 2010) and state may not always have the same entrance on what is a good and what is harm. The moral honorable approach is based on human nature that people can root what they want to do on their own. They have the right of impeccant consent, the right to privacy, the right of granting immunity of conscience, the right of free speech, the right to due process and the right to life and safety (countenanceM.Neil Browne (Author) Visit Amazons M. Neil Browne PageFind all the books, read nearly the author, and moreSee search results for this authorAre you an author? L gain about Author Central , Giampetro-Meyer, Williamson,2003). gibe to this approach, ethical action is the best acti on to protect and celebrate the stakeholders moral right. Right also imply duty, base on this approach people also have duty to respect others rights. However, we cannot ensure that the companies maintain the ethical standards depend on their highest value priority.The referee approach bases on the teachings of the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle that all equals should be treat equally. According to this approach, the ethical actions treat all people equally or clearly based on a standard which is defensible (Conroy, 2010). discrimination and discrimination are therefore unjust and wrong. However, this approach may not have adequately accounts for the rights and needs of everyone affected and it is difficult to see if the decision is based on a defensible standard or an asymmetry of power (Yuter, 2008).All approaches mentioned above help us to address ethical dilemma and to know what we do can be considered as ethical. Although, it is difficult to put the approaches toget her as they explain what is ethical in different ways, they put on us slightly information to tick what is ethical in different circumstance. The majority of business decisions contain ethical issues, we only have to decide how to fit the issues into the business actions and weigh how much they should be considered (Cadbury, 2002).We should have the exponent to determine ethical issues and then weigh the consideration that should influence our business action in suppose to make a good decision (Velasquez, Moberg, Meyer, Shanks, McLean, DeCosse, Andre, Hanson, 2009). There are five elements enterprises used to think of before evaluating a decision. They are profit, pallidity, reputation, community care and sustainability. Profit generally means sparing profit, that is, the difference between the total revenue and the total cost (both graphic and implicit) of an enterprise.As assumed in economics, everyone is self-interested and they tend to maximize their profit to achieve pr ofit maximization. Profit is master(prenominal) in business world, especially in profit-making ships company as profit and money give motivation for business to wear (Williams, 2010). It therefore is an essential element being considered when making business decision. directness and reputation is another two elements. Fairness is the mechanism of how we achieve the ideas of just, equal, good, ethical or moral (Bothamley, 1993).Reputation is the feeling or opinion of other people towards an enterprise. It can be defined as the result of what you do, what you say, and what other people say about you. When a companys reputation for truth or safety is discredited, it may cause serious impact on the business (Burkhardt, 2008). Community Care will be considered as an element for making business decision also. Community Care is a firms obligation as a moral agent extends beyond its legal and economic obligations, to the pursuit of long-term goals are good for society.Assumed that all businesses obey law and pursue economic interest, community care is through voluntarily, but not what it must do by law or they choose to do because of economic sense (Besser, 2002). Sustainability is the capacity that an enterprise can endure or survive in the market. It is about the doing business better, on the job(p) with others and staying in business in long run. The enterprise should use divergence of labors and resources in order to save money, to communicate to the stakeholders and to gain others loyalty in order to be sustainable.Enterprises should consider these five aspects with the approaches mentioned before making business decision. For example, if an enterprise wants to make profit ethically, it should focus more on the fairness when it makes decisions. Take the Hong Kong numberism industry as an example. In March this year, a Hong Kong twist take of arrive ats traveling Agency discontent with the insufficient stagping amount of the tourers. She threatened t he mainland tourists that if they did not go shopping, she would not let them to eat and did not provide hotel to them for trying on. She used unethical method to chock up tourist to shop in order to earn more.A tourist recorded what she said and has spread the video online, which seriously influence the tourism image of Hong Kong (Sina, 2010). The cause of this case is the introduction of zero-fee tour. Zero-fee tour was introduced during 2003 the SARS consummation in Hong Kong. It is tour which charges tourists less than the basic cost of airline tickets, accommodation and attraction tickets. As this kind of tour is charged under-cost, the run low agencies can only earn a profit by receiving commission and tipping from shops (Lu, 2006). According to Wong (2010), we can examine the business ethical problems in two ways.In the view of the travel agency, that is the enterprise, they have to transfer the costs to the service providers in order to save costs of the company as the tour is charged under-cost. The travel agencies therefore do not give basic salaries to the tour absorbs, and force them to push shopping in order to earn commissions from different shops. Also, somewhat of the travel agencies may require the tour authorizes to pay in some cost component in advance and delay the repayment to the conks. In the view of tour guides, they dont receive any salaries in zero-fee tours.They will earn nothing if the tourists do not shop therefore they tend to force or even threaten tourists to buy in order to earn shopping commissions and tipping. This damages the tourism image of Hong Kong seriously. exploitation utilitarian approach, the business action should be base on ethical action that can maximize the benefit or minimize the harm for the majority of people. According to Velasquez, Andre, Shanks and Meyer (2010), to use utilitarian approach we should first determine the course of the business action and then find the benefits and harms of taking the action for all stakeholders.In this case, only Wins Travel Agency gains benefit. The tour guide has no salary in suffice a zero-fee zero, she did not earn much benefit and had to force the tourists to shop. The business action harmed the tourists, as they were treated badly by the tour guide and are force to shop. The tourists also had to buy things in unreasonable price as the shops pronounced up the price of their products in order to pay for the shopping commissions. Also, the action harmed the image of Hong Kong tourism. The action is not ethical as the courses of it cannot maximize the benefit or minimize the harm for the majority of people.By using moral right approach, we should first indicate what rights are involved in a item case, and then see if the business action conflicts with the rights (Hamilton, 2009). In this case, the tourists had the right of freedom they can refuse to shop if they do not want to. The tour guides action was unethical as she threatened the tourists and pressure them to shop in order to fulfill the shopping amount. Also, the tour guides action conflict the tourists right to life and safety as she threatened them that they would not be provided a place for accommodation.We should know the dispersal first when using justice approach. We have to know who gain benefits and who admit from losses, and then see if the distribution of the business action is fair (Hamilton, 2009). According to this case, Wins Travel Agency gained benefits as it have salvage costs and the tour guide suffered from losses as she did not earn any salary. It is unethical that the enterprise did not provide the tour guide with basic salary. The tour guide rattling provided service for the company, and it was not fair for her to receive no pay while other guides not serving zero-fee tour received salaries.Also, it is unfair that those tourists who bought few products were treated badly as all tourists joined the same tour and they had not require d to shop when they joined the tour. Now, I would examine why Wins Travel Agency made the decision to provide this kind of tour consort to the five aspects mentioned. Firstly, the enterprise primarily focused on profit. Providing this kind of tour, the enterprise need not to pay salaries to the tour guides and it can receive a great deal of commission from shops as most tourists from mainland spend a lot in shopping.Also providing zero-fee tour attracts a great deal of people from mainland to visit Hong Kong, the volume of sales of the enterprise would therefore increase (TICHK, 2009). The enterprise considered less in fairness and reputation. It did not pay the tour guide any salary except the shopping commission although the tour guide deserved to get salary after providing service. It is unfair that the enterprise did this action. As the tour guide was not paid, she treated the tourists badly, this not only damaged the reputation of the enterprise but also that of Hong Kong tour ism.In sustainability, the enterprise can use division labors and resources to save costs. However, it communicated to the stakeholders unsatisfactorily as it did not know what the tour guide and the tourists needed. Also, it cannot gain others loyalty in order to be sustainable. Finally, in community care, the enterprise did less beyond its legal and economic obligations. other(a) than increased the sales figure in the tourism industry, it did less that benefited the society. Wins Travel Agency therefore made decision mainly based on profit rather than business ethics.In conclusion, different businesses would make decisions base on different aspects. They should use the utilitarian approach, moral right approach and justice approach to address ethical issues before evaluating a decision base on the five elements. According to the case above, strictly base on making profit practically does not really bring much benefit to an enterprise. Enterprises should therefore strike a balanc e between practically making profit and the business ethics. It is very important for enterprise to consider ethical issues before making decisions as it is unavoidable. adduce Andre . C, Velasquez .M, Moberg . D, Meyer . M. J, Shanks . T (2010), Calculating ConsequencesThe Utilitarian near to Ethics Andre . C, Velasquez . M, Moberg . D, Meyer . M. J, Shanks . T, McLean . M. R, DeCosse . D, Hanson . K. O (2009), A Framework for Thinking Ethically Besser T. L (2002), The Conscience of Capitalism Business Social Responsibility to Communities Bothamley . J (1993), Dictionary of Theories, LondonGale Research planetary Browne . M. N, Meyer . A. G . , Williamson. C (2003), Practical Business Ethics for the interfering Manager Burkhardt . R (2008), Reputation Management in Small and Medium-sized Enterprises Cadbury .A (2002), typeface Histories in Business Ethics, Conroy . M (2010), An ethical approach to leading multifariousness an alternative and sustainable application Geer . H. D. (1994), Business Ethics in gain ground Hamilton J,B (2009), How to Use the Justice Test Hamilton J,B (2009), How to Use the Rights Test TICHK (2009), Travel industry Council of Hong Kong Lu . J (2006), Zero-fee practice damages travel industry Sina (2010), intelligence operation on Sina. com Williams . W. E (2010), Profit versus Nonprofit Wong . W (2010), Chairman of Hong Kong tie of Registered Tour Co-ordinators, News Yuter R. J (2008), A Fair and Balanced Approach to Social Justice

Cross cultural values and conflicts Essay

The modern hunting lodge is made up of contrastive cultures which are constantly interacting with each a nonher(prenominal). This fundamental interaction helps in the en bountifulment of the society. However, it is excessively the cause of intercultural tensions that have been witnessed in many countries such as the United States. Intercultural conflicts whitethorn take different forms. This cleverness pourboire to problems in different communities and fuel high levels of hatred and confrontation. It is a know fact that cultures differ from one community to another.There has been increased frenzy that can be attributed to marginalization and impoverishment of some cultures as compared to others. The other factors that contribute to this are ignorance coupled with prejudice. The result of this is disagreements amid different communities, petulance and possibility of uncontrollable violence erupting. These conflicts arise due to opposition of sealed cultures and reluctance to accept the diverse cultures of the world. Sources of conflicts Intercultural conflicts can, therefore, be said to be due to three causes.These are political causes, social causes and economical causes. Political sources may be due to territorial differences that might lead to conflicts between different groups of people or nations. The fight for true resources in particular regions blood line under economic causes of these conflicts. Dispute may sometimes arise regarding the ownership, availableness to or control of indisputable resources. These resources might let in jobs, contracts, credits or education. Allocation of these resources should be done in a fair sort so that everyone gets an equal share regardless of their cultural backgrounds.The tough economic times and conditions may exacerbate intercultural hostility especially when these are seen to be the key causes of unemployment and degradation of peoples wel fartheste (LeBaron and Pillay, p 42). Economic policies tha t favor certain groups of people or nations and ignoring the separate ones may hasten these conflicts. Such disadvantaged groups include immigrants and workers who might be looked down upon (LeBaron and Pillay, p 42). Social causes of conflicts might be due to differences in religion and linguistic communications.These are cultural issues which should not be taken lightly. For example, a communication barrier as far as language is concerned. This can be seen in institutions regarding the particular language used in the teaching process and examinations. Secondly, language used in the military during command and other authorities departments for communication. These might cause disparities between people of different ethnic and cultural backgrounds. It has been established that religion is a major cause of conflict between groups of people (LeBaron and Pillay, p 43).The important cause of social conflicts in the U. S. is immigration and the income levels between the two races (wh ites and blacks). This also includes the natives and immigrants in the United States as well as the poor and rich people (Morin, para 2). Other factors that may worsen this situation include potential threats ticktackd by certain groups to the interest of the group con typefacered as the majority. For example, in the United States, most whites see the non white immigrants as criminals who pose a great danger to their families, jobs and institutions.This leads to exclusion of such migrants in certain sectors such as taking up high grade jobs and government positions. It has heightened the levels of discrimination in the United States (Ting-Toomey and Oetzel, p 23). Conclusion There is guide for a global approach in finding a measure solution to this problem. These efforts should be directed towards ending cultural, racial and ethnic conflicts worldwide. It go away help in ending xenophobia, racism and racial segregation in the U. S. In doing so, the tension that is usually witnes sed between different groups of people go forth be greatly reduced hence leading to a proportionate society.Despite the fact that conflicts will always arise at times, these should be solved amicably and democratically without bias or favoring any side or group. Works Cited LeBaron, Michelle and Venashri Pillay. Conflict across Cultures. Boston Intercultural Press, 2006. Morin, Rich. What Divides America? folk 24, 2009. August 10th, 2010 Ting-Toomey, Stella and John Oetzel G. Managing Intercultural Conflict Effectively. California Sage Publications, 2001

Form and Structure Essay

A adjudicate of Honey is in two acts, some(prenominal) containing two photorys, and set in two flats. The foregather could be depict as episodic, repayable to the level offt that within the same situation by u carol a blackout, the joke has moved on months from the previous pictorial matter (i.e. Jos pregnancy in displace II). Delaney has used a Brechtian device with using episodes to show contrastive fits of the characters lives, and how they fit together in the plot. The structure of the recreate is fairly grassroots as it watch outs the Brechtian influence of a Linear plot(beginning, middle, end) i.e. the play is easy to follow which symbolises the characters lives monotonous and basically the same situations arising from one day to the next. Howalways, a piece of Stanislavski is used as the technique of naturalistic/naturalistic drama (soap opera house effect) is app arnt. A Taste of Honey follows the life of a young fille call Jo over the period of approximat ely 12 18 months. It is veritableistic in the sense that it portrays how operative class people live and the struggles they reach to endure, which would in that respectfore allow the audience to relate to this and affect them emotionally.This relates to Stanislavskis involve of absent to depict the working class and show the rich and let how they live (realities of society). This judgement is also indicated throughout the outcome of the play the sign characters in the play Helen and Jo end up as they begun, rejected and the human relationships they actual throughout the play pull in failed( dent has at rest(p) off with other woman, Jimmie leftover Jo pregnant and does not come back to see her, and Geof leaves Jo). thither is only Jo and Helen left, and Helen portrays selfishness and illustrates dislike towards her daughter, as shown on the final page( 86), which was the case in the opening of the play.This situation of the characters not progressing in their lives symbolises the genre of the play as they have no hope for the future because of the lives they lead. Due to their lack of education, moral philosophy and the general way they conduct their lives, (e.g. Jo dating a coloured man) they argon outcasts of society. However, due to their working class status in the 1950s, they wouldnt be given the chance. Thitherfore, I feel the that Brechtian idea of current political factors play a part in this play when written, is illustrated by the characters lives due to their working class status, the feminist issue of two of the male characters(Jimmie and gumshoe) only later on Helen and Jo for sex, and the racism and discrimination towards coloured people.Stanislavski uses methods of traditional, realistic drama such as method acting, where the actor becomes emotionally involved with their character to gain a deeper understanding. Delaney intended on using this idea, as in the early rehearsals for the play, extemporisation lessons were used. Avis Bunnage, who played Helen in a Taste of Honey described this meet as an actorWhen we came to bits that didnt seem to work, we ad-libbed around the ideas,made it up as we went along. We used things that were around like an aspidistrathat nighone had left on the stage which became incorporated in the production.I said some of my lines to it. Jean gave us hell during the rehearsals. She had usrunning from the stage to the winder bay and back over and even again, to give us mite of real tirednessExample of method acting used in rehearsals for the playI would describe the genre of this play as kitchen snuff it as it has certain characteristics such as creation set in a working class environment (Salford, Manchester in a flat). It deals with municipal issues such as conflicts between people who live in these sorry conditions (e.g. Jo and Helen). The language even insinuates this genre of theatre, as it is simplistic and could be described as ordinary, everyday language, which is sometimes crude. An pillow slip of this is in Act II, scene I, where Helen and Peter have come to see JoHelen Take your bloody property and get outPeter Thank youHelen You dirty bastard(Act II, scene 1, page 66 )another(prenominal) modeling of the language reflecting the genre of the play is Helens description of the flatTheres a winsome view of the gas works. We share a bathroom with the community(Act 1, scene 1, page 7)Another element of this drama is the conflicts which arise due to the conditions in which the characters live (Jo and Helen). Helen kicks Geof out/makes him leave without Jo be intimateing about this, and she knows Jo wants him there. Another example is Helen arguing with Peter for touching her.Peter ( touching her) Now you know I like this mother and son relationshipHelen Stop itPeter Arent you wearing your girdle? (Act 1, scene1, page 18)Helen argues with Peter about this because actually she likes him touching her. This relates to Jo s situation as she doesnt want son (Jimmie) to touch her, due to the fact that she enjoys it too. This dismissal of affection is due to both the female characters not being really used to affection, as their relationship as mother and daughter certainly doesnt entail this behavior. Therefore, the characters jadet know how to conduct themselves in a loving relationship, and are unaware of how to respond to affection, care and attention.The hostile relationship between Jo and Helen is launch due to the many arguments they have, for example, when Jo tells Helen shes getting married, Helen is angry.Jo My boyfriend, he asked me to marry himHelen Well, you loopy bitch. I could choke you(Act 1, scene II)The domestic relationship is between Helen and Peter (mother and boyfriend). For example, when Peter finds out that Helen has a daughter he statesThat puts another 10 years on her(Act 1, scene 1)This portrays Peters attitude towards Helen, as he talks about her here in a deviatenatively disparaging tone as he knows Helen always tries to act and gestate younger than she actually is. This idea of making fun of characters is displayed again in Act II, scene 1, when Peter finds out Jo is pregnantPeter ( cantabile) Whos got a bun in the oven? Whos got a cake in the stove?Within the play the Brechtian device of including medication is used, as there is many musical interludes which represent the beginning or mark the conclusion of a scene. For example, in Act 1, scene II the boy (Jimmie) exits whilst singing to the audience. This music within the play seems to be a contrast to the moroseness and reality of it i.e. the characters are portraying happiness or humour when singing. However, even at times with the singing there is comic sarcasm intended. For example when Peter finds out Jo is pregnant, he singsWhos got a bun in the oven? Whos got a cake in the stove?This idea of music being an important factor in the play is indicated in Act 1, scene 1, when Helen is reminiscing about he r experience of working in a pub, and she starts to sing a song she use to apparently perform, at which she asks the orchestra to join in and play the piece. The fact that the script indicates that there is an orchestra in the play gives us the impression that Delaney intended to make music a definite typeface of the play. Singing is also a element frequently used in the play, as Helen performs a old song she used to sing in the pub, Peter portrays his sarcasm by singing many statements, i.e. Walter, Walter, take me to the alter. We also see boy (Jimmie) in Act 1, scene 2 (page 26) singing to the audience as he exits. This Brechtian device portrays the characters mood and record at the time, which also adds to the overall atmosphere. Another example of this is when Jo is reminicing about Jimmie in Act two, scene one(page 53) which indicates to the audience that she still thinks about him and how she regards him as a liar.Another Stanislavski device used is sub-text. For example is Act 1, scene 1, when Jo has gone to make coffee, Helen talks about her daughter to the audience I suppose Id better clear some of this stuff away. She wouldnt think. Well theydont at their age, do they. Oh it gets me right here when I try and do anything when I bend you know. Have you ever had it?This device allows us (the audience) to witness Helens personality and how self-obsessed she is, moaning about her bleak and generally ordering Jo around.There is no real silences in the play, due to the fact that this portrays the monotony of their lives, always doing something, moving from one place to another, arguing, fighting, diametric relationships etc. The relationships throughout the play are fuelled by anger, where every mate seem to have disputes which lead to rash decision making, with no real thought of the consequences, i.e, boy asking Jo to marry him, Geof kissing Jo due to confusedness etc.Therefore, the suspense is built up by the language, how the tempo of the parley speeds up as arguments take place, and the questions raised by the characters. For example, Jo inquires about her take and Helen divulges to her that he wasnt exactly normal. This leads the audience into thinking what actually was damage with him and how will it effect Jo in later life? This device connect to Stanislavskis idea of realism and how, for example, Helen is ashamed to admit firstly being adulterous and how this changed her life,(turned into a whore) and that she slept with the apparent village idiot, which in the 1950s would have been the gossip of everybody (fits in with the era).An element within the play which has had the influence of Brecht is the idea of Forum theatre. Brecht liked the audience to be involved in the play and in A Taste of Honey, Delaney has tried to incorporate an aspect of this by having the some of the characters speaking and interacting with the audience. For example, Helen addressed the audience frequently in Act one, scene OneShe cant do an ything for herself, that girl. (page 10)Another example is Jo on page 7You packed em. Shed brook her head if it was loose.This device allows the audience to actually get feel a of what the atmosphere is actually like for the characters, and therefore this incorporates Stanislavinskis idea of wanting the audience to be able to react emotionally to the play.

A research paper on River Tamirabarani

Introduction The Tamirabarani River f exclusivelyates from the storied Agasthiyarkoodam Peak in Hesperian Ghats,Ambasumadram Taluk.It flows through Tirunelveli and Tuticorin .Etymology The Thamirabarani contains traces of pig bed, hence its name (Thamiram way of life copper in Tamil). The copper content gives it a distinct fiercedish shade.The river has also been historically cognize as Porunai.Some scholars interpret the name Tamiraparani as Tamiram (copper) and Varuni (stream or river). They ascribe this origin as the bed of the river is of red state when the water flows on the red soil it gives a copper-like appearance.Historical Reference The ancient Greeks of the time of Ptolemy refer to the river as Solen. Spelt differently as Tampraparani, Tamraparni, Tamiravaruni, etc., the river is menti aned as the Porunai nathi in Tamil poetic literature. It gets recognition and is referred to as the renowned one in Sanskrit literature references to which argon as old as that of t he Puranas and Epics.Al around all the villages and towns along the course of this river atomic number 18 historical settlements.One well known workout is Aadhichanallur which is a preservedwebsite of the State Archaeology Department from where pre-historic artifacts ar excavated.The Tamirabarani river is referred to in anicient Sangam and Tamil texts. In Mahabharatha (388) the river is mentioned as Listen, O son of Kunti, I shall now describe Tamraparni. In that asylum the gods had undergone penances impelled by the longing of obtaining salvationGeographical Notes The Tamiraparani originates from the acme of the Periya Pothigai hills of the Western Ghats higher up Papanasam in the Ambasamudram taluk. The gravid river like the Cauvery, but strange most of the other Indian rivers, is feed by two the monsoons the southerly west and the north-eastern and is seen in full slew twice a twelvemonth if the monsoons do non fail.Prior to the bifurcation of the Tirunelveli distr ict, the Tamiraparani was the only study river in Tamilnadu which had its source and break off-key in the same district. After bifurcation, the river traverses the ii districts of Tirunelveli and Tuticorin in front joining the disjuncture of Mannar of the Bay of Bengal at Punnaikayal in Tiruchendur taluk of Thoothukkudi district.The river is one hundred thirty kilometers in distance and the Thamirabarani water parting is situated between latitudes 8.21 N and 9.13 N and between 77.10 E longitudes. The forty metres deep Vanatheertham water go argon located go on the origin of the Thamirabarani River. The river is feed by its tributaries as well as by monsoons. The river is conjugate by its headwater tributaries Peyar, Ullar, Pambar before it flows into the Kariyar Dam reservoir, where it meets Kariyar.The river descends down the mountains near Papanasam, where it forms the Kalyanatheertham falls and Agasthiar fallsTributaries Of The River From the source to sea, the total l ength of the river is some(predicate) 125 km., of which its course in Tirunelveli district alone is about 75 km. Originating at an altitude of 1725 m. above MSL at Periya Pothigai hill ranges and built-in hill track of Western Ghats in Ambasamudram taluk, it passes through the taluks of Tirunelveli and Palayamkottai of Tirunelveli district and Srivaikundam and Tiruchendur taluksof Thoothukkudi district. In the Ghats, the chief tributaries of the river are the Peyar, Ullar, Karaiyar, Servalar and the Pambar. These rivers join the Tamiraparani and meliorate itscourse before it reaches the plains. The first secondary which enriches the water of the Tamiraparani in the plains on the right side is the Manimuthar. and so comes the Gadananathi, which joins the Tamiraparani at Tiruppudaimaruthur. Before the Gadananathis entry into the Tamiraparani, the Gadananadhi is joined by the rivers Kallar, Karunaiyar and Veeranathi or Varahanathi which joins the river Gadananathi about 1.5 km n orth-east of Kila Ambur. The river Pachaiyar is other tributary which joins the Tamiraparani near Tharuvai village in Palayamkottai Taluk.One of the important and affluent tributaries of the Tamiraparani is the Chithar or Chitranathi which arises in the Courtalam hills and receives supply from the rivers Gundar, Hanumanathi and Karuppanathi. The Chithar empities itself into the Tamiraparani in Sivalapperi Village. The river drains with its tributaries an area of about 4400 sq. km. As most of its extensive catchments areas lay in the Western ghats, the river enjoys the full benefit of some(prenominal) the monsoons which make the river immortal. Since all its tributaries are arising from the Western ghats, the river is prone to heavy floods particularly during the newton East monsoon. enjoyment Of The River(Then)Not much is known about the usage of Tamirabarani River stomach then. The river has been historically known as Podhigai. It finds mention in the ancient Sangam and Tami l texts. there is an ancient script written as Thamirabarani mahathmiyam.Usage Of The River(Now) The umteen anicuts,dams and reservoirs on the Thamirabarani river, along with those on the Manimuthar River, provide a with child(p) proportion of the water for irrigation and tycoon generation for Tirunelveli District. It is fed by both the monsoons the south west and the north-eastern and is seen in full spate twice a year if the monsoons do not fail. The Gadananadhi has 6 anicuts and a reservoir of 9,970,000 m, and irrigates 38.87 km of wetlands. The Ramanadhi has 7 anicuts, a reservoir of 4,300,000 m, and irrigates 20.23 km of wetlands. Pachaiyar River has 12 anicuts and irrigates 61.51 km of wet and change lands.The important irrigation line of credits branching off from both the banks of the river Tamiraparani are, southwestern Kodaimelalagian highroad, North Kodaimelalagian rut (Kodaimelalagiananaicut), Nathiyunni channel (Nathiyunni anaicut), Kannadian channel (Kannadia n anaicut), Kodagan channel (Ariyanayagipuram anaicut), Palayam (Palavur anaicut) channel, Tirunelveli channel (Suthamalli anaicut), Marudur Melakkal, Marudur Keelakkal (Marudur anaicut), South main persuade and North Main Channel (Srivaikundam anaicut). Of these the first seven anaicuts were constructed during the power point of ancient and medieval rulers and the last anaicut videlicet the Srivaikundam anaicut was constructed and completed by the British in 1869.List of dams across Thamirabarani river1. Kodaimelaalagain anaicut 1281.67Hectares 2. Nathiyunni anaicut 1049.37 Hectares 3. Kannadian anaicut 2266.69 Hectares 4. Ariyanayagipuram anaicut 4767.30Hectares 5. Palavur anaicut 3557.26Hectares 6. Suthamalli anaicut 2559.69Hectares 7. Marudur anaicut 7175.64HectaresList of channels1. South Kodaimelalagain channel 2. North Kodaimelalagain channel 3. Nathiyunni channel 4. Kannadian channel 5. Kodagan channel 6. Palayam channel 7. Tirunelveli channel 8. Marudur Melakkal 9. Maru dur KeelakalPollution And Other Problems This was an denomi res publica in a Tamil daily.Many rivers in Tamil nadu take up already become poisoned out-of-pocket to the commingle of industrial wastages and sewers. No measures cede been taken to prevent them from degradation. Cooum is the best example for how a river can be betting into a drainage. Noyyal has been dirty long back by the industries at. Uyyakondan/ Kudamuruti river, which passes through Tiruchirappalli has just about reached the drainage degree. Thamirabarani was the only perennial river in Tamil Nadu. Now, this river also poses a danger of being soil due to plastic waste. Water fall from Coutralam falls is named as Sitraaru (Chitra Nadhi in Sanskrit), which is a branch to Tamirabharani is getting polluted by tourists mean solar day by day by polythene wastes. The Servalaaru, some other branch river of Tamirabarani also getting poluted in its origination point itself by the tourists. Of late, Thamirabaran i River is greatly polluted due to quick industrialization on its banks including pulp, paper, textile, unhomogeneous workshops, photographic industries, heterogeneous small home industries prima(p) to the discharge untreated effluents as also human and fleshly wastes, etc.The waste consists of dye stuff, sulphates, sulphide, copper, zinc, lead, phenolics, chlorides, camber cellulosic wastes, mercaptans, mercury, etc. The survey conducted at various transmission channels of Thamirabarani river reveals that the arsenic, chemical and pollution levels are extremely high than the permissible limits. get on the presence of amala plants in the canal greatly absorbs the oxygen level leading to the death of living things. Besides, the change magnitude presence of microbes spreads foul smell in the canals. There are awful reports that one litre of river water contains more than than 1,300 microbes. The presence of high-level of hepatotoxic substances in the river water and its c onsumption causes aggravation and other skin connect diseases. There is huge apprehension among the scientists and farmers that if the devote situation is allowed to continue, the crops get out be greatly affected. Due to sand mining,the number of look for in the river has met with a drastic decrease.In Tirunelveli,Tuticorin,Virudhunagar districts,the great unwashed are hesitating to use the Jiva NathiTamirabaranis water for irrigating their fields.The river preliminary was the source of water for cooking,consum-ption and other uses.The hotels,factories and hospitals on the banks of the river are dumping their speculative wastes in the river.The settlements on the banks are also polluting the river on their part.The people have been using the river as a place to go through their natures call.Because of these,some parts of the river has become unfit for human use.Due to the mixing of germs,harmful alloys,factory wastes in the river,the Tamirabharani river is headway towards destruction.Plans And Projects To Rectify The ProblemsThough the Government has taken many steps to dandy rivers,none of them are being carried out properly.Also,the awareness among the people is decreasing day by day.First of all,if the mixing of wastes in the river is stopped,two thirds of the pollution will stop.The river also poses as a breeding ground for mosquitoes as the sewage mixes in the river.If the sewage is diverted,the breeding of mosquitoes will stop.Rivers and streams provide 65% of our nations crapulence water.The second step is to create awareness among the people.Many rivers have been saved due to community projects undertaken by the people.Likewise,if the capers faced by the Tamirabharani river gains awareness,there is eye socket for positive development.ConclusionThe problem is never too late to be solved.The next of the Tamirabharani river will be determined by our actions.Do we want our Tamirabhrani river,the Jiva Nathi Tamirabharani to become another Coo um?The question is make up before us.The answer for this question lies in our hands. by the National River cleanup spot Program in the US, 900,000+ people have cleaned 162,000+ miles of streams, removing some 9 trillion pounds of trash.This could act as an example for us.The steps taken hereafter, should be proactive and not improvident.A research paper on River TamirabaraniIntroductionThe Tamirabarani River originates from the famous Agasthiyarkoodam Peak in Western Ghats,Ambasumadram Taluk.It flows through Tirunelveli and Tuticorin .EtymologyThe Thamirabarani contains traces of copper, hence its name (Thamiram means copper in Tamil). The copper content gives it a distinct cerise shade.The river has also been historically known as Porunai.Some scholars interpret the name Tamiraparani as Tamiram (copper) and Varuni (stream or river). They ascribe this origin as the bed of the river is of red soil when the water flows on the red soil it gives a copper-like appearance.Historical ReferenceThe Ancient Greeks of the time of Ptolemy refer to the river as Solen. Spelt differently as Tampraparani, Tamraparni, Tamiravaruni, etc., the river is mentioned as the Porunai nathi in Tamil poetic literature. It gets recognition and is referred to as the renowned one in Sanskrit literature references to which are as old as that of the Puranas and Epics.Almost all the villages and towns along the course of this river are historical settlements.One well known example is Aadhichanallur which is a preservedsite of the State Archaeology Department from where pre-historic artifacts are excavated.The Tamirabarani river is referred to in anicient Sangam and Tamil texts. In Mahabharatha (388) the river is mentioned as Listen, O son of Kunti, I shall now describe Tamraparni. In that asylum the gods had undergone penances impelled by the desire of obtaining salvationGeographical NotesThe Tamiraparani originates from the peak of the Periya Pothigai hills of the Western Ghats above Pa panasam in the Ambasamudram taluk. The great river like the Cauvery, but unlike most of the other Indian rivers, is fed by both the monsoons the south west and the north-eastern and is seen in full spate twice a year if the monsoons do not fail.Prior to the bifurcation of the Tirunelveli district, the Tamiraparani was the only major river in Tamilnadu which had its source and end in the same district. After bifurcation, the river traverses the two districts of Tirunelveli and Tuticorin before joining the Gulf of Mannar of the Bay of Bengal at Punnaikayal in Tiruchendur taluk of Thoothukkudi district.The river is 130 kilometers in length and the Thamirabarani basin is situated between latitudes 8.21 N and 9.13 N and between 77.10 E longitudes. The forty metres deep Vanatheertham waterfalls are located near the origin of the Thamirabarani River. The river is feed by its tributaries as well as by monsoons. The river is joined by its headwater tributaries Peyar, Ullar, Pambar before it flows into the Kariyar Dam reservoir, where it meets Kariyar.The river descends down the mountains near Papanasam, where it forms the Kalyanatheertham falls and Agasthiar fallsTributaries Of The RiverFrom the source to sea, the total length of the river is about 125 km., of which its course in Tirunelveli district alone is about 75 km. Originating at an altitude of 1725 m. above MSL at Periya Pothigai hill ranges and integral hill track of Western Ghats in Ambasamudram taluk, it passes through the taluks of Tirunelveli and Palayamkottai of Tirunelveli district and Srivaikundam and Tiruchendur taluks of Thoothukkudi district. In the Ghats, the chief tributaries of the river are the Peyar, Ullar, Karaiyar, Servalar and the Pambar. These rivers join the Tamiraparani and enrich its course before it reaches the plains. The first tributary which enriches the water of the Tamiraparani in the plains on the right side is the Manimuthar.Then comes the Gadananathi, which joins the Tamiraparan i at Tiruppudaimaruthur. Before the Gadananathis entry into the Tamiraparani, the Gadananadhi is joined by the rivers Kallar, Karunaiyar and Veeranathi or Varahanathi which joins the river Gadananathi about 1.5 km north-east of Kila Ambur. The river Pachaiyar is another tributary which joins the Tamiraparani near Tharuvai village in Palayamkottai Taluk. One of the important and affluent tributaries of the Tamiraparani is the Chithar or Chitranathi which arises in the Courtalam hills and receives supply from the rivers Gundar, Hanumanathi and Karuppanathi. The Chithar empities itself into the Tamiraparani in Sivalapperi Village.The river drains with its tributaries an area of about 4400 sq. km. As most of its extensive catchments areas lay in the Western ghats, the river enjoys the full benefit of both the monsoons which make the river perennial. Since all its tributaries are arising from the Western ghats, the river is prone to heavy floods especially during the North East monsoon. Usage Of The River(Then)Not much is known about the usage of Tamirabarani River back then. The river has been historically known as Podhigai. It finds mention in the ancient Sangam and Tamil texts. There is an ancient script written as Thamirabarani mahathmiyam.Usage Of The River(Now)The many anicuts,dams and reservoirs on the Thamirabarani river, along with those on the Manimuthar River, provide a large proportion of the water for irrigation and power generation for Tirunelveli District. It is fed by both the monsoons the south west and the north-eastern and is seen in full spate twice a year if the monsoons do not fail. The Gadananadhi has 6 anicuts and a reservoir of 9,970,000 m, and irrigates 38.87 km of wetlands. The Ramanadhi has 7 anicuts, a reservoir of 4,300,000 m, and irrigates 20.23 km of wetlands. Pachaiyar River has 12 anicuts and irrigates 61.51 km of wet and dry lands.The important irrigation channels branching off from both the banks of the river Tamiraparani are, S outh Kodaimelalagian channel, North Kodaimelalagian channel (Kodaimelalagiananaicut), Nathiyunni channel (Nathiyunni anaicut), Kannadian channel (Kannadian anaicut), Kodagan channel (Ariyanayagipuram anaicut), Palayam (Palavur anaicut) channel, Tirunelveli channel (Suthamalli anaicut), Marudur Melakkal, Marudur Keelakkal (Marudur anaicut), South Main Channel and North Main Channel (Srivaikundam anaicut). Of these the first seven anaicuts were constructed during the period of ancient and medieval rulers and the last anaicut namely the Srivaikundam anaicut was constructed and completed by the British in 1869.List of dams across Thamirabarani river1. Kodaimelaalagain anaicut 1281.67Hectares 2. Nathiyunni anaicut 1049.37 Hectares 3. Kannadian anaicut 2266.69 Hectares 4. Ariyanayagipuram anaicut 4767.30Hectares 5. Palavur anaicut 3557.26Hectares 6. Suthamalli anaicut 2559.69Hectares 7. Marudur anaicut 7175.64HectaresList of channels1. South Kodaimelalagain channel 2. North Kodaimelalagai n channel 3. Nathiyunni channel 4. Kannadian channel 5. Kodagan channel 6. Palayam channel 7. Tirunelveli channel 8. Marudur Melakkal 9. Marudur KeelakalPollution And Other Problems This was an article in a Tamil daily.Many rivers in Tamil nadu have already become poisoned due to the mixing of industrial wastages and sewages. No measures have been taken to prevent them from degradation. Cooum is the best example for how a river can be degraded into a drainage. Noyyal has been polluted long back by the industries atTiruppur. Uyyakondan/ Kudamuruti river, which passes through Tiruchirappalli has almost reached the drainage degree. Thamirabarani was the only perennial river in Tamil Nadu. Now, this river also poses a danger of being polluted due to plastic waste.Water falling from Coutralam falls is named as Sitraaru (Chitra Nadhi in Sanskrit), which is a branch to Tamirabharani is getting polluted by tourists day by day by polythene wastes. The Servalaaru, another branch river of Tami rabarani also getting poluted in its origination point itself by the tourists. Of late, Thamirabarani River is greatly polluted due to rapid industrialization on its banks including pulp, paper, textile, various workshops, photographic industries, various small scale industries leading to the discharge untreated effluents as also human and animal wastes, etc. The waste consists of dye stuff, sulphates, sulphide, copper, zinc, lead, phenolics, chlorides, lingo cellulosic wastes, mercaptans, mercury, etc.The survey conducted at various canals of Thamirabarani river reveals that the arsenic, chemical and pollution levels are extremely high than the permissible limits. Further the presence of amala plants in the canal greatly absorbs the oxygen level leading to the death of living things. Besides, the increased presence of microbes spreads foul smell in the canals. There are shocking reports that one litre of river water contains more than 1,300 microbes. The presence of high-level of t oxic substances in the river water and its consumption causes irritation and other skin related diseases. There is huge apprehension among the scientists and farmers that if the present situation is allowed to continue, the crops will be greatly affected.Due to sand mining,the number of fish in the river has met with a drastic decrease.In Tirunelveli,Tuticorin,Virudhunagar districts,people are hesitating to use the Jiva NathiTamirabaranis water for irrigating their fields.The river earlier was the source of water for cooking,consum-ption and other uses.The hotels,factories and hospitals on the banks of the river are dumping their hazardous wastes in the river.The settlements on the banks are also polluting the river on their part.The people have been using the river as a place to attend their natures call.Because of these,some parts of the river has become unfit for human use.Due to the mixing of germs,harmful alloys,factory wastes in the river,the Tamirabharani river is heading tow ards destruction.Plans And Projects To Rectify The ProblemsThough the Government has taken many steps to clean rivers,none of them are being carried out properly.Also,the awareness among the people is decreasing day by day.First of all,if the mixing of wastes in the river is stopped,two thirds of the pollution will stop.The river also poses as a breeding ground for mosquitoes as the sewage mixes in the river.If the sewage is diverted,the breeding of mosquitoes will stop.Rivers and streams provide 65% of our nations drinking water.The second step is to create awareness among the people.Many rivers have been saved due to community projects undertaken by the people.Likewise,if the problems faced by the Tamirabharani river gains awareness,there is scope for positive development.ConclusionThe problem is never too late to be solved.The future of the Tamirabharani river will be determined by our actions.Do we want our Tamirabhrani river,the Jiva Nathi Tamirabharani to become another Cooum? The question is posed before us.The answer for this question lies in our hands. Through the National River Cleanup Program in the US, 900,000+ people have cleaned 162,000+ miles of streams, removing almost 9 million pounds of trash.This could act as an example for us.The steps taken hereafter, should be proactive and not improvident.