Linguistics research Essay

1. Linguistics Linguistics is gener each(prenominal)y defined as the scientific withdraw of nomenclature. 2. Phonology The convey of how sounds argon put together and utilise in confabulation is called phonology. 3. Syntax The study of how morphemes and nomenclature atomic number 18 feature to pass water sentences is called syntax. . 4 Design features it referred to the defining properties of serviceman nomenclature that guarantee the difference among human row that tell the difference between human nomenclature and any system of rules of animal communication. 5. Psycholinguistics The study of lecture with reference to the workings of mind is called psycholinguistics.6. Language Language is a system of arbitrary plain speak symbols implement for human communication. 7. Phonetics The study of sounds which are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics. 8. Morphology The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form course is called morphology . 9. Parole it referred to the actual phenomena or data of linguistics. V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as doable. feed in examples for fiction if necessary 1. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.Explain it in detail. First of all, run-in is a system, because Elements of linguistic process are com bined according to rules. Secondly, language is arbitrary because thither is no intrinsic connection between form and meaning, or between the sign and what it stands for. Different languages ready different words for the same object in the world. This fact is a good illustration of the arbitrary character of language. This also explains the symbolic nature of language words are just Symbols they are associated with objects, actions, ideas, etc. by conven tion.Thirdly, language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter how tumesce developed their constitution systems are. The term human in the definition indicates that language is possessed by human beings only and is very different from the communication systems of other living creatures. The term communication means that language makes it possible for its users to talk to each other and fulfill their commu nicative needs. 2. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples. 1) Arbitrariness As mentioned earlier, the arbitrary property of language means that in that respect is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. For instance, there is no nec essary relationship between the word elephant and the animal it symbolizes. In addition, different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages, and even within the same language, the same sound does not refer to the same thing. However, language is not entirely arbitrary. There are words which are created in the imitation of sounds by sounds, such as crash, bang in English.Besides, some com pound words are also not entirely arbitrary. But the non-arbitrary words are quite moderate in number. The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for language to reach an unlimited source of expressions. 2) Productivity Language is productive or seminal in that it makes possible the con struction and interpretation of new signals by its users. This is why they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences that they have never said or heard before.They can send messages which no one else has ever sent before. Productivity is unique to human language. about animal communication systems appear to be highly restricted with extol to the number of different signals that their users can send and receive. 3) Duality The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of cardinal sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings. At the lower or the basic level, there is the structu re of sounds, which are meaningless, discrete, individual sounds.But the sounds of language can be combined according to rules into units of meaning such as morphemes and words, which, at the higher(prenominal) level, can be arranged into sentences. This duality of structure or dou ble occasion of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge. No animal communication system has duality or even comes near to possessing it. 4) transformation Displacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places.In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. Animal calls are principally uttered in response to immediate revisions of situation. 5) Cultural transmission world beings were born with the ability to achieve language, notwithstanding the details of any language are not g enetically transmitted or passed down by instinct. They have to be taught and leaded, but animal call systems are genetically trans mitted. 3. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a historical study?The description of a language at some point in time is a Synchronic study the de scription of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. A synchronic study of language describes a language as it is at some particular point in time, while a diachronic study of language is the study of the historical development of language over a period of time. 4. Why does modern linguistics adherence the spoken form of language as primary, not the written? First, the spoken form is prior to the writ ten form and most writing systems are derived from The spoken form of lan guage.Second, the spoken form act upons a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of education conveyed and it serves a wider range of purposes finally, the spoken form is the medium through which we acquire our mother tongue. 5. What are the major distinctions between langue and watchword? The distinct, ion between langue, and parole was made by the famous Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure primaeval this century. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow while parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. Langue is abstract it is not the language people actually use, but parole is concrete it refers to the naturally occurring language events. Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently while parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation. 6. (1) What if there were no language? (2) What if there were only one language the world over? (3) What can we learn from this Bible sto ry? Language is powerful as a tool of human communication. 7. (1) What measures do you suggest for protecting dialects as well as languages? (2) Do you think that someday people all over the world will speak only one language, or someday no dialect will exist? 8. Can our pets learn human languages? Why or why not? No. They are genetically not endowed with the 9. What role does body language play in language commun